Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sequence homology of the whole A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018 (A/H5N2) genome.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sequence homology of the whole A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018 (A/H5N2) genome.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sequence homology of the whole A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018 (A/H5N2) genome.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Putative origins of the genes comprising the KNU18-28 (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018 (H5N2)), KNU18-86 (A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018 (H5N2)), and KNU18-93 (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018 (H5N2)) strains.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques:

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Phylogenetic tree analysis of NS gene segment based on the nucleotide sequences. MEGA-X software using maximum likelihood method with bootstrap replication (1000 bootstraps) was used to generate the phylogenetic tree. Red color: novel H5N2 isolates, blue color: Korean strains, purple color: H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), and green color: H5N3 strain isolated at the same surveillance time.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: Software, Isolation

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hypothesis of the ancestor of each gene segment evolution of ( A ) KNU18-28 (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018 (H5N2)), KNU18-86 (A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018 (H5N2)), and ( B ) KNU18-93 (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018 (H5N2)) strains.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques:

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison between the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding sites and neuraminidase (NA) of the three novel avian influenza H5N2 viruses and those of low pathogenic and highly pathogenic H5 viruses.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Amino acid mutation analysis of eight gene segments responsible for enhancing polymerase activity, viral transmissibility, and virulence of the three novel H5N2 viruses.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Activity Assay, Mouse Assay, Virus

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth kinetics replication of three novel H5N2 isolates in MDCK cells. Five kinds of viruses were infected with 0.01 multiplicity of infection (MOI) into MDCK monolayers. The virus supernatants were collected at different time points each 12 h until 71 h post-infection (hpi). The viral replication titers were then determined by the TCID 50 assay combined ELISA for detecting the nucleoprotein (NP) viral antigen. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; and ***, p < 0.001 showing comparison with H5N3 control.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: Infection, Virus, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Comparison, Control

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo pathogenicity of three novel H5N2 isolates in mouse model. The BALB/c mice were intranasally challenged with three novel H5N2 isolates (KNU18-28, KNU18-86, and KNU18-93) at titer 10 5 EID 50 /mouse. H1N1 and H5N3 virus strains were used as controls. Mouse bodyweight change ( A ) and survival rate ( B ) were observed for 14 days post-infection (dpi). Bodyweight is presented as a % change from those of the same mice at day 0 ( n = 5). ( C ) The viral titer mean values in the mouse lung ( n = 3) were determined at 3, 6, and 14 dpi. ( D ) Mean lung weight of normal mice and infected mice at 6 dpi ( n = 3) was observed before examining the histology of lung inflammation by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: In Vivo, Virus, Infection, Staining

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018

doi: 10.3390/v13112192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histology of lung inflammation examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. BALB/c mice were intranasally challenged with 10 5 EID 50 /mouse ( n = 3) of three novel H5N2 isolates (KNU18-28, KNU18-86, and KNU18-93) and two control virus strains (H1N1 and H5N3). The infected mouse lungs were collected for H&E staining at 6 dpi (scale bar, 100 µm; original magnification, 40×).

Article Snippet: Three isolated H5N2 viruses (A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018) together with two reference strains (human-origin H1N1 (A/California/04/2009) and H5N3 (A/spot-billed duck/Korea/KNU SYG06/2006)) were infected into the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line (American Type Culture Collection) to examine the viral replication capacity in mammalian cells.

Techniques: Staining, Control, Virus, Infection

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Development of American-Lineage Influenza H5N2 Reassortant Vaccine Viruses for Pandemic Preparedness

doi: 10.3390/v11060543

Figure Lengend Snippet: The profile of generated H5N2 reassortant viruses.

Article Snippet: Eight plasmids which contained NA and modified HA genes from an H5N2 virus and six internal genes from the Vero-15 virus were transfected into Vero cells to generate H5N2 vaccine viruses by electroporation (Bio-RAD Gene Pulser Xcell system, Hercules, CA, USA).

Techniques: Generated, Modification, Virus

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Development of American-Lineage Influenza H5N2 Reassortant Vaccine Viruses for Pandemic Preparedness

doi: 10.3390/v11060543

Figure Lengend Snippet: Single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay of goat anti-E7 bHA serum against the H5N2 E7 Ag.

Article Snippet: Eight plasmids which contained NA and modified HA genes from an H5N2 virus and six internal genes from the Vero-15 virus were transfected into Vero cells to generate H5N2 vaccine viruses by electroporation (Bio-RAD Gene Pulser Xcell system, Hercules, CA, USA).

Techniques: Radial Immuno Diffusion

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Development of American-Lineage Influenza H5N2 Reassortant Vaccine Viruses for Pandemic Preparedness

doi: 10.3390/v11060543

Figure Lengend Snippet: The HI titre of ferret sera after two intramuscular injections of H5N2 inactivated virus vaccine.

Article Snippet: Eight plasmids which contained NA and modified HA genes from an H5N2 virus and six internal genes from the Vero-15 virus were transfected into Vero cells to generate H5N2 vaccine viruses by electroporation (Bio-RAD Gene Pulser Xcell system, Hercules, CA, USA).

Techniques: Virus