Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Therapy-induced senescent-like cancer cells drive macrophage-mediated immunosuppression in cholangiocarcinoma

doi: 10.64898/2026.06.24.734341

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Proteome Profiler Human XL cytokine array (105 cytokines) of conditioned medium from proliferating, doxorubicin-induced (Dox), and Gem/Cis-induced senescent-like RBE cells. (B) Gdf15 mRNA in proliferating versus senescent-like murine CCA (SB1) cells. (C) Gdf15 mRNA in control vs AP-treated SB-p16-ATTAC tumors. (D) Schematic of in vitro studies. (E-F) Arg1 and iNOS mRNA in bone-marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) incubated for 72 h with conditioned medium from vehicle- or alisertib-treated SB1 cells expressing shCtrl or shGdf15 . (G) Bulk RNA-seq heatmap (row Z-scores) of naïve bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) cultured 72 h with conditioned media (CM) from SB-p16-shCtrl or SB- p16-Gdf15 OE cells. (H) ARG1 mRNA in human monocyte-derived macrophages ± recombinant human GDF-15 (Qkine Qk017; TGF-β1-free), qRT-PCR relative to vehicle; mean ± SEM, n = 6. (I) Division index (CFSE dilution, normalized to T-cells-only) of anti-CD3/CD28-activated CD8⁺ T cells co-cultured with BMDMs incubated for 72 h with conditioned medium from vehicle- or alisertib-treated SB1 cells expressing shCtrl or shGdf15 . Data are mean ± SEM; *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ****, P<0.0001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Human recombinant GDF-15 was from Qkine (Qk017) and murine recombinant GDF-15 from R&D Systems (8944-GD/CF).

Techniques: Control, In Vitro, Derivative Assay, Incubation, Expressing, RNA Sequencing, Cell Culture, Recombinant, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Therapy-induced senescent-like cancer cells drive macrophage-mediated immunosuppression in cholangiocarcinoma

doi: 10.64898/2026.06.24.734341

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Macrophages express TGFBR2, the candidate non-canonical GDF-15 receptor, in murine and human CCA single-cell RNA-seq. (B) α-TGFBR2 western blot (WB) of streptavidin pull-down (top) and input (middle) from naïve BMDMs treated with biotin-supplemented conditioned media (CM) from CCA cells expressing GDF-15-BioID2-HA or SEC61B-BioID2-HA (ER control); α-HA blot of CM (bottom) confirms bait secretion. (C) GDF-15 induces macrophage phospho-STAT6 but not phospho-SMAD2/3, reflecting non-canonical TGFBR2 output. (D) WB of BMDMs stimulated with control or GDF-15-overexpressing (GDF-15 OE ) CM for 0 or 1 h: p-STAT6, STAT6, p-SMAD3, SMAD3. (E) Arg1 mRNA in BMDMs transfected with siCtrl or siTgfbr2 and stimulated with control or rGDF-15. n = 6. Data are mean ± SEM; *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ****, P<0.0001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Human recombinant GDF-15 was from Qkine (Qk017) and murine recombinant GDF-15 from R&D Systems (8944-GD/CF).

Techniques: Single Cell, RNA Sequencing, Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Transfection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Therapy-induced senescent-like cancer cells drive macrophage-mediated immunosuppression in cholangiocarcinoma

doi: 10.64898/2026.06.24.734341

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Strategy for p16-promoter-restricted Gdf15 silencing (shRNA) and Gdf15 overexpression. (B) qPCR validation of Gdf15 knockdown and overexpression in senescent-like SB1 cells. (C-D) Subcutaneous model and tumor-burden quantification. (E) GeoMx spatial profiling of GDF-15 expression and macrophage infiltration in human CCA. Region-of-interest (ROI)-level analysis plotting GDF-15 expression against macrophage score; each point is one ROI, with the linear fit and 95% confidence band shown. Spearman ρ = 0.63, P = 0.0067. Data are mean ± SEM; **, P<0.01; ****, P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Human recombinant GDF-15 was from Qkine (Qk017) and murine recombinant GDF-15 from R&D Systems (8944-GD/CF).

Techniques: shRNA, Over Expression, Biomarker Discovery, Knockdown, Expressing

Journal: The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging

Article Title: Association of growth differentiation factor-15 with muscle wasting and anemia in chronic kidney disease

doi: 10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100835

Figure Lengend Snippet: Factors associated with GDF-15. Univariate analysis of the correlations of GDF-15 with the (a) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), (b) ln urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR), (c) ln N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), (d) hemoglobin, (e) ln interleukin-6 (IL-6), (f) ln tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (g) albumin, and (h) lean tissue index.

Article Snippet: Plasma levels of GDF-15 were quantified using the Human GDF-15 Quantikine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation <5%.

Techniques: Filtration

Journal: The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging

Article Title: Association of growth differentiation factor-15 with muscle wasting and anemia in chronic kidney disease

doi: 10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100835

Figure Lengend Snippet: Kaplan–Meier curves by growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) median. Participants with GDF-15 concentrations above the median had a higher cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality than those with lower concentrations (log-rank P < 0.001). Numbers at risk are shown below the plot.

Article Snippet: Plasma levels of GDF-15 were quantified using the Human GDF-15 Quantikine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation <5%.

Techniques: