Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration of the preparation of M2-exo@HI and its mediated therapeutic mechanisms and signaling pathways. (a) RAW264.7 macrophages were polarized to M2 phenotype using DEX, followed by M2-exo isolation from cell supernatant via differential centrifugation. M2-exo@HI was prepared through encapsulating HI into M2-exo by electroporation. (b) M2-exo@HI crossed the BBB and localized to microglia in the hemorrhagic brain, delivering the HI plasmid into the nucleus. This prompted expression and secretion of Hp and IL-10 by microglia. The released Hp inhibited Hb toxicity by binding to Hb. IL-10 shifted microglial polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward the reparative M2 phenotype, removing hematoma by engulfing erythrocyte and Hb-Hp complex, and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels—collectively enhancing neuroprotection and BBB repair. These beneficial outcomes were linked to the inhibition of the IL-17 and NF-κB signaling pathways and activation of the PI3K-Akt and ferroptosis pathways.

Article Snippet: M2-exo (100 μL, 1 mg/mL), HI plasmid (circular pBudCE4.1, 100 μg, TsingkeBiotechnology., Ltd.), and 100 μL PBS were added to the electroporation cuvettes (Bio-Rad 165-2088).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Isolation, Centrifugation, Electroporation, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Binding Assay, Inhibition, Activation Assay