ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy  (JASCO Inc)

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Barrier model selection alters apparent diclofenac permeation parameters: a controlled in vitro comparison of Strat-M ® and a HaCaT-based epidermal construct

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1934405

Figure Lengend Snippet: Experimental workflow of the comparative IVPT study. Two commercial diclofenac gels, Voltaren® and Olfen®, were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells and two structurally distinct barrier models: Strat-M® and the HaCaT construct. The main permeation outputs included cumulative permeated amount, Jss, t lag, and Kp. The study was designed to assess whether the selection of a barrier model influences the comparative interpretation of formulation performance. Created in BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: Permeation experiments were performed using an automated Franz diffusion cell system (Logan System 912-6; Logan Instruments Corp., Somerset, NJ, United States) equipped with vertical glass diffusion cells with a diffusion area of 3.14 cm 2 and a receptor compartment volume of 15 mL.

Techniques: Diffusion-based Assay, Construct, Selection, Formulation

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Barrier model selection alters apparent diclofenac permeation parameters: a controlled in vitro comparison of Strat-M ® and a HaCaT-based epidermal construct

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1934405

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of the two barrier systems as mounted in the Franz diffusion cell. In both panels, the formulation is applied to the donor side (top), and the receptor medium lies below. Left: the Strat-M® synthetic membrane, comprising two polyethersulfone layers of high diffusional resistance over a more permeable polyolefin support, with synthetic lipids distributed throughout the porous structure; this depiction follows the manufacturer’s description of the membrane. Right: the HaCaT construct, comprising keratinocytes cultured at the air–liquid interface on a porous PET insert membrane. The right-hand panel is a generic depiction of this class of model and not a representation of the construct used here: no cross-sectional imaging was performed, multilayer architecture was not confirmed, and neither the number nor the arrangement of the cell layers shown was measured in this study. No stratum corneum is depicted, and none was demonstrated. The drawing is not to scale and is intended solely to contrast the architectural principles of the two model types. Created in BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: Permeation experiments were performed using an automated Franz diffusion cell system (Logan System 912-6; Logan Instruments Corp., Somerset, NJ, United States) equipped with vertical glass diffusion cells with a diffusion area of 3.14 cm 2 and a receptor compartment volume of 15 mL.

Techniques: Diffusion-based Assay, Formulation, Membrane, Construct, Cell Culture, Imaging