Journal: Neuron

Article Title: Circuitry Underlying Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Mouse Visual System

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) For granular and supragranular layers, developmental changes in the connectivity of local circuits are illustrated. Excitatory neurons are illustrated in black. PV+ (blue), SST+ (burgundy), and VIP+ (green) inputs are color coded, along with neuromodulatory inputs such as acetylcholine (purple). Excitatory TC inputs are shown in black. Developmental age and time are annotated at the bottom. L4 changes in interneuron connectivity precede L2/3 changes (Jiang et al., 2010), with PV maturation in L2/3 correlated in time to CP onset and closure (Fagiolini et al., 2004). L2/3 connectivity matures during this period (Cossell et al., 2015; Ko et al., 2013). SST+ connectivity to PV+ neurons, initially strong, grows weaker during this time and loses sensitivity to cholinergic modulation (Yaeger et al., 2019).

Article Snippet: In the mature visual cortex, running results in an increase in cortical gain ( Niell and Stryker, 2010 ), mediated by a brainstem circuit activating cholinergic inputs in the basal forebrain ( Lee et al., 2014 ).

Techniques:

Journal: Neuron

Article Title: Circuitry Underlying Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Mouse Visual System

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Timeline summarizes the developmental changes in the cholinergic innervation of L2/3.

Article Snippet: In the mature visual cortex, running results in an increase in cortical gain ( Niell and Stryker, 2010 ), mediated by a brainstem circuit activating cholinergic inputs in the basal forebrain ( Lee et al., 2014 ).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1159-18.2018

Figure Lengend Snippet: NB stimulation shifts the cortex into an asynchronous state. A, Schematic illustration of the experimental setup. Recordings in the barrel cortex were performed either with a single patch pipette or two pipettes for intracellular and nearby LFP recordings. B, A lesion (orange arrow) marks the location of electrical stimulation electrode, corresponding to NB location. GP, Globus pallidus; CPu, caudate putamen; SI, substantia innominata (which contains the NB); ic, internal capsule. C, Barrel cortex layer 4 LFP before (black; NB−) and after (red; NB+) 100 Hz electrical stimulation of the NB (masked by the dark gray rectangle). Light gray rectangles mark the 2 s windows from the traces used to calculate the PSD in D and E. The trial averaged PSD is presented as mean ± SEM. E, Left to right, Total power is the sum of the Vm power spectrum, sum of power in frequencies 1–10 Hz, sum of power in frequencies 12–25 Hz, corresponding to beta band, sum of power in frequencies 30–50 Hz, corresponding to lower gamma band. Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 7 experiments. F, H, Barrel cortex layer 4 LFP traces before (black; NB−) and after (red; NB+) electrical stimulation of the NB (similar to C), with ACSF only (F) and after the application of cholinergic antagonists atropine and mecamylamine (H). Gray rectangles mark the 2 s windows from the traces used to calculate the PSD in G and I, respectively. *p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Cholinergic modulation of sensory response SNR As far as we know, this study is the first to report the effect of direct optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs on subthreshold cortical dynamics during sensory stimulation.

Techniques: Transferring

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1159-18.2018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cholinergic activation reduces the amplitude and rate of synaptic events. A, Examples for detection of spontaneous PSPs from a cell recorded at depth of 468 μm. Light dots mark PSP onset and dark dots mark PSP peak. B, Histogram of PSPs amplitude from one cell (same cell as in Fig. 3A–C) before (black) and after (red) NB stimulation. The inset shows the median amplitude for this cell with confidence intervals. C, Frequency of spontaneous PSPs. D, Amplitude of spontaneous PSPs. Gray lines mark single neurons (the example cell is in color), black lines mark population mean ± SD. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 17. E–G, Same as B–D but before and during optogenetic stimulation, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 11 cells.

Article Snippet: Cholinergic modulation of sensory response SNR As far as we know, this study is the first to report the effect of direct optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs on subthreshold cortical dynamics during sensory stimulation.

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1159-18.2018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optogenetic activation of cholinergic fibers decorrelates Vm–LFP activities in the local cortical network. A, B, Examples of simultaneous recorded Vm and nearby LFP recordings during spontaneous activity in control conditions (A) and during optogenetic stimulation (B). C, D, same as A and B but for sensory-evoked responses. Dashed lines mark whisker deflections onset. E, Spontaneous raw cross-correlations, presented as mean ± SEM. F, Same as E but for the noise correlations. G, H, Same as E and F but for sensory-evoked responses. I, Signal correlations. E–I were calculated from the same recording of LFP-Vm shown in A–D. J, Spontaneous zero-lag (Pearson) raw correlations for the population of Vm–LFP recordings. K, Spontaneous zero-lag (Pearson) noise correlations for the population of Vm–LFP recordings. L, M, Same as J and K but for sensory evoked responses. N, Zero-lag (Pearson) of signal correlations for the population of Vm–LFP recordings. Gray lines mark single neurons (example cell is in color), black lines mark population average. *p < 0.05, n.s., non significant. Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 9 cells.

Article Snippet: Cholinergic modulation of sensory response SNR As far as we know, this study is the first to report the effect of direct optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs on subthreshold cortical dynamics during sensory stimulation.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Activity Assay, Control, Whisker Assay

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1159-18.2018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Selective optogenetic activation of NB cells suspected as cholinergic. A, Expression of ChR2 in the barrel cortex and NB of ChAT-ChR2 mice. Left, ChAT immunostaining. Middle, EYFP-ChR2 fusion protein. Right, Overlay. EYFP fluorescence was enhanced with anti-YFP antibody. bregma −0.9 mm. Scale bar, 50 μm. B, Schematic illustration of the recording method with an “optopatcher” inserted into the NB. C, Single trace showing the response of S.U. recorded at depth of 4780 μm below pial surface to a 15 Hz optogenetic stimulation. Cyan squares mark the optogenetic stimulation with a 10 ms pulse duration. D, E, Raster (top) and PSTH (bottom) for the response of the same S.U. in C to 5 Hz and 15 Hz stimuli, respectively.

Article Snippet: Cholinergic modulation of sensory response SNR As far as we know, this study is the first to report the effect of direct optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs on subthreshold cortical dynamics during sensory stimulation.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Immunostaining, Fluorescence

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1159-18.2018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cholinergic stimulation reduces Vm synaptic fluctuations. A–C, Spontaneous Vm traces (A), mean (B), and SD (C) of an example cell recorded at 377 μm below the pial surface. D, Population mean Vm. The portions of the traces recorded following optogenetic stimulation are shown in blue. Optogenetic light stimulation is marked by a blue bar above the traces. Gray rectangles mark the analysis windows. E, Population Vm SD. Gray lines mark single neurons (the example cell is in color); black lines mark population mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. D, E, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 11 cells.

Article Snippet: Cholinergic modulation of sensory response SNR As far as we know, this study is the first to report the effect of direct optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs on subthreshold cortical dynamics during sensory stimulation.

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1159-18.2018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Light activation of local cholinergic inputs suppresses spontaneous synaptic activity in awake animals. A, Illustration of recording and optogenetic stimulation setup in awake head-fixed mice. B, Spontaneous Vm (black) and whisking (gray) single traces recorded simultaneously together with mean Vm (C) and SD Vm (D) of the example neuron recorded at 341 μm below pial surface. G, Population mean Vm. H, Population Vm SD. E, Top, optogenetic stimulation squared pulse. Middle, Examples of single trials of whisking signal from one animal. Bottom, Whisking signal averaged over 60 trials. F, Whisk power. I, Frequency of spontaneous PSPs. J, Amplitude of spontaneous PSPs. Blue bar marks optogenetic stimulation. Gray lines mark single neurons (the example cell is in color), black lines mark population mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, n.s., non significant, G–J, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 7 cells, F, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 5 animals.

Article Snippet: Cholinergic modulation of sensory response SNR As far as we know, this study is the first to report the effect of direct optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs on subthreshold cortical dynamics during sensory stimulation.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Activity Assay

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1159-18.2018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cholinergic stimulation reduces the trial-to-trial variability of synaptic response to repetitive whisker stimulation. A, B, Vm traces of evoked responses to repetitive whisker stimulation (10 Hz) before (A) and after (B) NB stimulation. C, Mean trace. D, Traces SD. E–H, Same but in control and during optogenetic stimulation. WS, Whisker stimulation. Dashed lines mark whisker deflection onset.

Article Snippet: Cholinergic modulation of sensory response SNR As far as we know, this study is the first to report the effect of direct optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs on subthreshold cortical dynamics during sensory stimulation.

Techniques: Whisker Assay, Control

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1159-18.2018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cholinergic stimulation increases the SNR of subthreshold sensory responses. A, Population mean Vm (Vm) during whisker response. B, Population Vm SD during whisker response. C, SNR. D, Signal-amplitude. E, Noise amplitude. F, Response amplitude along whisker stimulation train normalized to the first response in the train in control conditions. Lack of asterisk means no significant difference. G, AAR calculated as the averaged response amplitude of the last three whisker stimuli in the train divided by the amplitude of the response amplitude of the first stimulus. H–N, Same as in A–G, but in control and during optogenetic stimulation. Gray lines mark single neurons (the example cell is in color), black lines mark population mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s., non significant. F, Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (A–E, G), Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 17 cells. M, Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (H–L, N), Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, n = 11 cells.

Article Snippet: Cholinergic modulation of sensory response SNR As far as we know, this study is the first to report the effect of direct optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs on subthreshold cortical dynamics during sensory stimulation.

Techniques: Whisker Assay, Control