Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Injection site dictates the immune response to a biodegradable polymer and corresponding collagen regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.04.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: ID tissue exhibits higher densities of fibroblasts, macrophages, and microvessels compared to SC tissue. Immunofluorescence analysis comparing the expression of Vimentin (a fibroblast marker), CD68 (a macrophage marker), and CD31 (an endothelial cell marker) in ID and SC tissues. For each group, n = 3; data represent mean ± s.d.; ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After antigen retrieval and blocking, sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies targeting vimentin, CD68 (ABclonal, A20803), CD31 (R&D SYSTEMS, AF3628), HMGB1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 3935), HSP70 (ABclonal, A23457), NF-κB p65 (ABclonal, A19653), CD206 (Cell Signaling Technology, 24595), and FAPα (ABclonal, A23789 ).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Marker

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Spatiotemporally engineered microneedle for microenvironment remodeling propels mucosal regeneration after tracheal mucosal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of mucosal status after tracheal mucosal injury in rabbits . (a) Gross morphology and Masson staining of mucosal defects (n = 3). (b – f) Tracheal samples were collected on Day 10, and RNA sequencing was performed to assess biological differences between Native and Model groups (n = 3). (b) Principal components analysis of samples. (c) Volcano plot of DEGs. (d) KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs. (e) Chord plot of enriched KEGG terms. (f) Heatmaps of DEGs associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. (g) IF staining of FISH (marker of bacteria, pink), iNOS (marker of M1 macrophages, orange), CD206 (marker of M2 macrophages, green), and immunohistochemical staining of CD31 (marker of endothelial cells) in various samples, blood vessels are denoted by triangles.

Article Snippet: Immunofluorescence staining of CK14 (Abcam, ab181595), AC-Tub (Proteintech, 66200-1-Ig), ZO-1 (Proteintech, 21773-1-AP), and Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD31 (Servicebio, S1002) were conducted to reveal the conditions of mucosal regeneration, according to previous literature [ ].

Techniques: Staining, RNA Sequencing, Marker, Bacteria, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Spatiotemporally engineered microneedle for microenvironment remodeling propels mucosal regeneration after tracheal mucosal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gel-AgNA/MgGA MN remodel the microenvironment after TMI by regulating infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular disruption. (a) FISH (marker of bacteria, red) staining of harvested samples after treated with Gel, Gel-AgNA, Gel-MgGA, and Gel-AgNA/MgGA MN. (b, c) Quantitative analysis of bacterial coverage and fluorescence intensity of FISH (n = 9). (d) Heatmaps of DEGs related to inflammation and oxidative stress. (e) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of IL-1, TNF-α, HIF-1α, and IL-6 (n = 3). (f) IF staining of iNOS (marker of M1 macrophages, red) and CD206 (marker of M2 macrophages, green). (g) Quantitative analysis of iNOS and CD206 fluorescence intensity. (h) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of Arg1 and CD206. (i) IF staining of CD31 (marker of blood vessels, red). (j, k) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of VEGF and HIF-1α (n = 3).

Article Snippet: Immunofluorescence staining of CK14 (Abcam, ab181595), AC-Tub (Proteintech, 66200-1-Ig), ZO-1 (Proteintech, 21773-1-AP), and Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD31 (Servicebio, S1002) were conducted to reveal the conditions of mucosal regeneration, according to previous literature [ ].

Techniques: Infection, Disruption, Marker, Bacteria, Staining, Fluorescence, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Spatiotemporally engineered microneedle for microenvironment remodeling propels mucosal regeneration after tracheal mucosal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of mucosal status after tracheal mucosal injury in rabbits . (a) Gross morphology and Masson staining of mucosal defects (n = 3). (b – f) Tracheal samples were collected on Day 10, and RNA sequencing was performed to assess biological differences between Native and Model groups (n = 3). (b) Principal components analysis of samples. (c) Volcano plot of DEGs. (d) KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs. (e) Chord plot of enriched KEGG terms. (f) Heatmaps of DEGs associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. (g) IF staining of FISH (marker of bacteria, pink), iNOS (marker of M1 macrophages, orange), CD206 (marker of M2 macrophages, green), and immunohistochemical staining of CD31 (marker of endothelial cells) in various samples, blood vessels are denoted by triangles.

Article Snippet: IF staining was performed for iNOS (Abcam, ab283655), CD206 (Proteintech, 18704-1-AP), and CD31 (Abcam, ab28364) to assess inflammatory marker expression, and vascularization, respectively.

Techniques: Staining, RNA Sequencing, Marker, Bacteria, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Spatiotemporally engineered microneedle for microenvironment remodeling propels mucosal regeneration after tracheal mucosal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gel-AgNA/MgGA MN remodel the microenvironment after TMI by regulating infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular disruption. (a) FISH (marker of bacteria, red) staining of harvested samples after treated with Gel, Gel-AgNA, Gel-MgGA, and Gel-AgNA/MgGA MN. (b, c) Quantitative analysis of bacterial coverage and fluorescence intensity of FISH (n = 9). (d) Heatmaps of DEGs related to inflammation and oxidative stress. (e) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of IL-1, TNF-α, HIF-1α, and IL-6 (n = 3). (f) IF staining of iNOS (marker of M1 macrophages, red) and CD206 (marker of M2 macrophages, green). (g) Quantitative analysis of iNOS and CD206 fluorescence intensity. (h) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of Arg1 and CD206. (i) IF staining of CD31 (marker of blood vessels, red). (j, k) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of VEGF and HIF-1α (n = 3).

Article Snippet: IF staining was performed for iNOS (Abcam, ab283655), CD206 (Proteintech, 18704-1-AP), and CD31 (Abcam, ab28364) to assess inflammatory marker expression, and vascularization, respectively.

Techniques: Infection, Disruption, Marker, Bacteria, Staining, Fluorescence, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing