Journal: Molecular Pain

Article Title: CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 regulating the polarization of microglia reduces morphine tolerance through IL-4/STAT6 pathway

doi: 10.1177/17448069251374281

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of AM1241 on markers of microglia polarization in vitro. There were six different groups in BV2 and HMC3 cells. Cells were treated with control, LPS, LPS+AM1241, LPS+AM281+AM1241, LPS+AM630+AM1241 in combination with morphine (Mor) or alone plus morphine (Mor). Relative iNOS mRNA (a, c) and SOCS3 mRNA (b, d) level adjusted to GAPDH. Western blot analysis of iNOS and SOCS3 (e, f). The iNOS protein (g, i) and SOCS3 (h, j) protein fold of control. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was used for analyzing the Western blot and qPCR in different group ( p < 0.05). The data in this study was shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. *p < 0.05: the LPS+Mor group compared with the control group; $ p < 0.05: the different groups compared with the LPS+AM1241+Mor group.

Article Snippet: The CB2R agonist AM1241 was obtained from APExBIO, while CB2R antagonist AM630, CB1R antagonist AM281 and IL-4I were obtained from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: In Vitro, Control, Western Blot, Standard Deviation

Journal: Molecular Pain

Article Title: CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 regulating the polarization of microglia reduces morphine tolerance through IL-4/STAT6 pathway

doi: 10.1177/17448069251374281

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of AM1241 on the PWL and polarization of microglia in a morphine tolerance model. (a): mice were divided into five groups. Vehicle (VEH), AM1241, AM281+AM1241, AM630+AM1241 in combination with morphine (10 mg/kg, M10) or alone plus morphine was administered once daily for 7 days ( n = 6 in each group). Thermal withdrawal latency were measured 30 min after the last drug administration. Data are exhibited as mean ± SD. p < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. * p < 0.05: different groups compared with VEH+SAL group; $ p < 0.05: different groups compared with the AM1241+M10; # p < 0.05: compared with the day 1 in corresponding group. (b): On day 8, morphine tolerance was determined by measuring PWL 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after 5 mg/kg morphine (M5) treatment. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was used for analyzing the PWL. The spinal cord was harvested for qPCR and Western blot ( n = 3 per group) after the PWL on day 8. The mRNA and protein of microglia was determined as shown in C-G. Relative iNOS mRNA (c) and SOCS3 mRNA (d) level adjusted to GAPDH. Western blot analysis of iNOS and SOCS3 in (e). The iNOS protein (f), and SOCS3 protein (g) fold of control. The data were analyzed via one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. The mRNA and protein expression relative to the control ± SD ( n = 3 in each group) are presented. p < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. * p < 0.05: different groups compared with the VEH+SAL+SAL group; $ p < 0.05: the different groups compared with the AM1241+M10+M5 group. The VEH+SAL+SAL group served as the control group.

Article Snippet: The CB2R agonist AM1241 was obtained from APExBIO, while CB2R antagonist AM630, CB1R antagonist AM281 and IL-4I were obtained from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Western Blot, Control, Expressing

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Electroacupuncture exerts antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis by activating CB2 receptor

doi: 10.1186/s13020-025-01102-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: EA further promotes the expression of CB2R and modulates endocannabinoid metabolism in AD skin lesions. A Comparative gene expression fold changes (FC) are illustrated on a color scale, with blue indicates underexpression (FC < 2) and yellow indicates overexpression (FC > 2). The comparisons are shown for AD patients’ lesional skin compared to healthy human skin (left panel), and within AD patients between lesional skin (LS) and non-lesional skin (NLS) (right panel). B Expression levels of CNR2 mRNA were determined using RT-qPCR, normalization to GAPDH. C Representative WB diagram for CB2R. D Quantitative analysis of CB2R expression, normalized to α-tubulin. E Immunofluorescence images of skin lesions demonstrate the presence of CB2R (red), while nuclei of the cells were stained using DAPI (blue). Scale bars = 100 μm. F Summary data illustrate the quantity of CB2R + cells located in the dermis of skin lesions. G-H Expression levels of endocannabinoid metabolism-related enzymes, including DAGLβ, NAPE-PLD, MAGL and FAAH mRNA, were assessed via RT-qPCR, normalized to GAPDH. All data are shown as mean ± S.E.M (n = 6 per group). Analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA complemented by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were obtained from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology and male CB2 receptor knockout (CB2R −/− ) mice on C57BL/6 background aged 6–8 weeks from Jackson Laboratories (Strain #:005786).

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Over Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Electroacupuncture exerts antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis by activating CB2 receptor

doi: 10.1186/s13020-025-01102-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: CB2R knockout mitigates the therapeutic efficacy of EA on AD-like lesions and chronic pruritus. A The protocol regarding the establishment of the AD model, the EA treatment and the detection time of chronic pruritus behavior in WT and CB2R −/− mice. B Time-course of SCORAD scores(n = 8). C Representative images of skin lesions from each group of mice on day8. D Representative H&E staining images of each group. Scale bar = 100 μm. E Quantitative measurement of epidermal thickness based on the H&E images (n = 8). F Total number of scratches performed by mice in each group within one hour on day 8 (n = 12). All data are shown as mean ± S.E.M. Analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA complemented by Sidak's test for multiple comparisons, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were obtained from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology and male CB2 receptor knockout (CB2R −/− ) mice on C57BL/6 background aged 6–8 weeks from Jackson Laboratories (Strain #:005786).

Techniques: Knock-Out, Drug discovery, Staining

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Electroacupuncture exerts antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis by activating CB2 receptor

doi: 10.1186/s13020-025-01102-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: EA influences mast cell and CD4 + T cell proliferation in AD through CB2R. A Representative toluidine blue–stained images of skin lesions. Scale bars (overview) = 100 μm and scale bars (magnified) = 50 μm. B-D Statistical results of the total number ( B ), the number of degranulation ( C ) and the degranulation rate of mast cells ( D ) (n = 8). E Immunofluorescence images of skin lesions show the CD4 + T cells (green). Nuclei of the cells were stained using DAPI (blue). Scale bars (overview) = 100 μm and scale bars (magnified) = 50 μm F Summarized data present the count of CD4 + T cells within skin sections (n = 6). All data are shown as mean ± S.E.M. Analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA complemented by Sidak's test for multiple comparisons, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were obtained from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology and male CB2 receptor knockout (CB2R −/− ) mice on C57BL/6 background aged 6–8 weeks from Jackson Laboratories (Strain #:005786).

Techniques: Staining, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Electroacupuncture exerts antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis by activating CB2 receptor

doi: 10.1186/s13020-025-01102-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: EA modulates cytokine release and receptor activation via CB2R and its downstream ERK pathway in AD mice. A Schematic diagram illustrating the procedures for RT-qPCR in each group. B–F Expression levels of IL4, IL13, IL31, IL4R and IL31R mRNA as determined by RT-qPCR, normalized to GAPDH. G Schematic representation of the role of CB2R activation in modulating inflammatory responses by targeting the ERK phosphorylation. H Representative WB results for p-ERK and ERK. I Quantitative assessment of p-ERK levels, with expression levels normalized to ERK. All data are shown as mean ± S.E.M (n = 6 per group). Analysis was performed using Two-way ANOVA complemented by Sidak's test for multiple comparisons, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were obtained from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology and male CB2 receptor knockout (CB2R −/− ) mice on C57BL/6 background aged 6–8 weeks from Jackson Laboratories (Strain #:005786).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Electroacupuncture exerts antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis by activating CB2 receptor

doi: 10.1186/s13020-025-01102-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram of this study's findings on the impact of EA on AD Mice. This schematic diagram presents the pathophysiological alterations in AD and the therapeutic interventions of EA treatment. Initially, upon the induction of AD, there is an escalation in the number of mast cells and CD4 + T cells within the skin lesions, along with upregulation of cytokines IL4, IL13, and IL31, and their receptors IL4R and IL31R in the cervical DRG. These changes are linked to the exacerbation of chronic itching and skin inflammation. Despite an upregulation of the CB2R, the endogenous levels are not adequate to effectively inhibit ERK phosphorylation, a key driver of inflammatory processes (left side). In contrast, EA treatment, applied via specific acupoints corresponding to the affected dermatome, initiates a cascade of anti-inflammatory effects. EA stimulates axon reflexes that enhance the synthesis of endocannabinoids and reduce their degradation in the lesional skin tissue. This results in elevated levels of the primary endocannabinoids such as AEA and 2-AG, which in turn upregulate the expression of CB2R. Stimulation of CB2R by endocannabinoids leads to a significant reduction in ERK hyperphosphorylation, an essential process in curbing inflammatory response. As a result, EA treatment diminishes the number of mast cells and CD4 + T cells in lesional skin, reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL4, IL13, and IL31, and decreases the expression of IL4R and IL31R in the cervical DRG. Collectively, these effects contribute to the alleviation of itching and the inhibition of inflammation development (right side)

Article Snippet: Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were obtained from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology and male CB2 receptor knockout (CB2R −/− ) mice on C57BL/6 background aged 6–8 weeks from Jackson Laboratories (Strain #:005786).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Expressing, Inhibition