Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Houttuynia cordata extract protects against Salmonella infection by targeting type III secretion system 1

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106937

Figure Lengend Snippet: HCE suppresses the adhesion and invasion of Salmonella in Caco-2 cells. A CCK-8 assay (A) was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of HCE in Caco-2 cells. The effects of HCE on the adhesion (B, D) and invasion (C, E) of ST (B-C) and SP (D-E) to Caco-2 cells were examined at an MOI of 100 (n = 5). Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to visualize the inhibitory effect of HCE (150 µg/mL) on the invasion of ST (F) and SP (G) in Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells infected with the ST Δ invA strain, which was used as a negative control because of its T3SS-1 deficiency showed significantly reduced invasion. ST, Salmonella Typhimurium. SP, Salmonella Pullorum . HCE, Houttuynia cordata extract.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cells (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC, USA) were cultured in DMEM and seeded into culture plates.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Immunofluorescence, Microscopy, Infection, Negative Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Harnessing the gut–immune–joint axis: Oral microalgae-based thermoresponsive microspheres enhance intra-articular therapy for rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.037

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of the protective effects of CG@GelMA on FSN-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in vitro . (A) Immunofluorescence staining of Claudin-1 in Caco-2 monolayers under different treatments. Scale bar: 100 μm. (B) Relative fluorescence intensity of Claudin-1. (C) Immunofluorescence staining of Occludin in Caco-2 monolayers. Scale bar: 100 μm. (D) Relative fluorescence intensity of Occludin. (E) Immunofluorescence staining of ZO-1 in Caco-2 monolayers. Scale bar: 100 μm. (F) Relative fluorescence intensity of ZO-1. (G) Schematic diagram of the Caco-2/RAW 264.7 Transwell co-culture system. (H) Relative TEER of Caco-2 cell monolayers after different treatments. (I) Relative fluorescence intensity of FD4 across Caco-2 monolayers under different treatments. Data are presented as means ± SD. Statistical significance: ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 macrophages (Procell, Wuhan, China), Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells (Pricella, Wuhan, China), and IEC-6 small intestinal epithelial cells (ATCC, USA) were maintained in high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (AiTing, Hangzhou, China) and 1 % penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco, USA), with the medium for IEC-6 cells additionally containing 0.1 U/mL human insulin.

Techniques: Disruption, In Vitro, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Fluorescence, Co-Culture Assay

Journal: Journal of Oral Microbiology

Article Title: Antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of postbiotic mediator derived from Jeotgal isolate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KMC12 against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1080/20002297.2026.2684130

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of KMC12 nPM on the degree of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells were treated with KMC12 nPM (256 and 512 mg/mL) for 24 h. Asterisks (***) indicate a significant difference compared to the positive control (PC) group ( p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: The Caco-2 (human colon carcinoma cell line) was supplied by the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Republic of Korea) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Welgene, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Burlington, ON, Canada) supplemented with 1% antibiotic–antimycotic (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 [ ].

Techniques: Positive Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Biomimetic villi-crypt scaffold-on-chip with tunable mechanical properties for intestinal epithelium modeling

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103134

Figure Lengend Snippet: Villi-crypt in vitro model. Resazurin reduction assay performed (a) over the Villi-(F)-Crypt and Villi-(R)-Crypt scaffolds in the presence and absence of gelatin to aid cell attachment ( n = 3 scaffolds for each condition). (b) Resazurin reduction assay performed for long-term cultures in the absence of gelatin (two independent experiments, n = 5 scaffolds for each condition of each experiment). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001. (c) Phalloidin (green) and DAPI (blue) fluorescence microscopy of Caco-2 cells grown for 21 days on the two compositions tested at two different magnifications. (c i ) Top and (c ii ) section view of the scaffolds. Scale bars represent 500 μm and 100 μm. Objectives are 4 × and 10 × , respectively. (d) Confocal images of Villi-(R)-Crypt scaffold cultured with the Caco-2 cells. (d i ) Schematic of the different confocal planes acquired. (d ii ) and (d iii ) details at two different magnifications of villi sections, scaffold baselines and crypt base; displaying the homogeneous covering of the scaffold and junctions formed between cells ( V = villi, C = crypt). Scale bars represent 200 μm (d ii , 10 × objective) and 50 μm (d iii , 20 × objective). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Cell cultures over scaffolds: Human epithelial cell line Caco-2 (HTB-37, ATCC, USA) was cultured in 75 cm 2 tissue culture polystyrene flasks in complete DMEM high glucose (Sigma Aldrich, pc D6546) supplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich, pc P0781), 1% L-glutamine (Sigma Aldrich, pc G7513) and 10% FBS (Invitrogen, USA) in a humidified incubator set at 37 °C with 95% air and 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: In Vitro, Cell Attachment Assay, Standard Deviation, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Cell Culture

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Biomimetic villi-crypt scaffold-on-chip with tunable mechanical properties for intestinal epithelium modeling

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103134

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Fold change in gene expression with respect to undifferentiated cells and (b) quantification of produced proteins. Caco-2 cells were cultured for 14 and 21 days on the two compositions tested ( n = 3 scaffolds for each condition). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Cell cultures over scaffolds: Human epithelial cell line Caco-2 (HTB-37, ATCC, USA) was cultured in 75 cm 2 tissue culture polystyrene flasks in complete DMEM high glucose (Sigma Aldrich, pc D6546) supplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich, pc P0781), 1% L-glutamine (Sigma Aldrich, pc G7513) and 10% FBS (Invitrogen, USA) in a humidified incubator set at 37 °C with 95% air and 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Gene Expression, Produced, Cell Culture, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Biomimetic villi-crypt scaffold-on-chip with tunable mechanical properties for intestinal epithelium modeling

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103134

Figure Lengend Snippet: Venn diagram showing the distribution of proteins identified in Villi-(F)-Crypt and Villi-(R)-Crypt scaffolds cultured with Caco-2 cells for the period of 14 and 21 days. The core proteins are shared across all conditions, while the exclusive proteins represent those uniquely identified in specific conditions. The 10 most abundant proteins are highlighted.

Article Snippet: Cell cultures over scaffolds: Human epithelial cell line Caco-2 (HTB-37, ATCC, USA) was cultured in 75 cm 2 tissue culture polystyrene flasks in complete DMEM high glucose (Sigma Aldrich, pc D6546) supplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich, pc P0781), 1% L-glutamine (Sigma Aldrich, pc G7513) and 10% FBS (Invitrogen, USA) in a humidified incubator set at 37 °C with 95% air and 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Cell Culture

Journal: Food and Waterborne Parasitology

Article Title: Anisakis simplex larvae viability and potential pathogenicity in vitro is controlled by the essential oil from sea fennel ( Crithmum maritinum L., Apiaceae)

doi: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2026.e00331

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of C. maritimum essential oil upon cell viability in different cell lines at different times of exposure. (A) Impact upon HepG2 cells after 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of the essential oil. (B) Impact upon HepG2 cells after 48 h of exposure to different concentrations of the essential oil. (C) Impact upon Caco-2 cells after 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of the essential oil. (D) Impact upon Caco-2 cells after 48 h of exposure to different concentrations of the essential oil. Concentrations from 15.63 to 1000 μg mL −1 were tested. All data were normalized relative to the untreated control group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA, although none of the tested concentrations showed significant differences when compared to the untreated control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma, HB-8065) and Caco-2 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA), maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (Sigma-Aldrich, Barcelona, Spain) and supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, Barcelona, Spain) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, Barcelona, Spain).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Food and Waterborne Parasitology

Article Title: Anisakis simplex larvae viability and potential pathogenicity in vitro is controlled by the essential oil from sea fennel ( Crithmum maritinum L., Apiaceae)

doi: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2026.e00331

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of C. maritimum essential oil upon IL-8 and IL-6 production in Caco-2 cells stressed with Anisakis CE. Impact upon interleukin-8 (A) production and interleukin-6 (B) production in Caco-2 cells. Concentrations ranging from 62.5 to 250 μg mL −1 of essential oil were tested. Both non-stressed (depicted as control) and stressed with CE (depicted as stressed control) controls without essential oil treatment were made. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from at least three independent experiments, each performed in duplicate. Statistical significance was determined by comparing the different conditions with the stressed non-treated control. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma, HB-8065) and Caco-2 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA), maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (Sigma-Aldrich, Barcelona, Spain) and supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, Barcelona, Spain) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, Barcelona, Spain).

Techniques: Control