Journal: Vaccines

Article Title: Long-Term Protective Immune Responses Induced by rBCG-RBD/rRBD Heterologous Prime/Boost Immunization Strategy: Fusion of RBD-Wuhan with LTB Adjuvant Induces Cross-Reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 Variant Omicron

doi: 10.3390/vaccines14020120

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of RBD and LTB-RBD in BCG. ( A ) Schematic representation of the expression cassettes of the vectors pLA71-RBD and pLA73-LTB-RBD. Both vectors contain origins of replication to E. coli and Mycobacterium, a kanamycin resistance gene (KanR), the pBlaF* promoter, and its ATG initiation codon. pLA71-RBD presents the RBD sequence in fusion with the β-lactamase signal sequence (ssBlam), generating ssRBD, while pLA73-LTB-RBD displays the LTB-RBD sequence in fusion with the whole β-lactamase encoding gene (ssBlam + Blam), generating Blam-LTB-RBD. ( B ) Expression of ssRBD and Blam-LTB-RBD in rBCG. Total cell extracts of wtBCG or rBCG (20 µg) were analyzed by Western blotting using an anti-RBD polyclonal antibody. Purified recombinant RBD in fusion with the FH8 tag for solubility and expressed in E. coli was used as positive control (C+), with approximately 45 kDa. Total protein extract of wtBCG was used as negative control (C−). Molecular weights are indicated on the left, and the expected molecular weight of ssRBD (25 kDa) and Blam-LTB-RBD (~67 kDa) are indicated by arrows. A non-specific band at 35 kDa is observed in all samples, including the negative control.

Article Snippet: M. bovis BCG strain Danish (ATCC #35733, Manassas, VA, USA) was used as control and to generate the recombinant BCG strains expressing the RBD and LTB-RBD sequences. wtBCG, rBCG-RBD, and rBCG-LTB-RBD were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 (MB7H9; Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) supplemented with 10% OADC (oleic acid–albumin–dextrose–catalase; BBL, Cockeysville, MD, USA), 0.5% glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich ® ), and 0.05% Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich ® ), containing 20 μg/mL kanamycin (Sigma-Aldrich ® ) or not.

Techniques: Expressing, Sequencing, Western Blot, Purification, Recombinant, Solubility, Positive Control, Negative Control, Molecular Weight

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Timeline and interventions of the study. Eight groups of BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized twice at 21-day interval with 100 µL containing 10–15 µg of the TcTPE plus 10 4 CFU of wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c strain in 100 μL each to evaluate the effectiveness of the two BCG strains as adjuvants. All procedures were performed in duplicate, and data showed in the subsequent figures are representative of the two independent experiments. SC = subcutaneous, IP = intraperitoneal, BT = blood trypomastigotes, d = days, dpi = day post-infection, TcTPE = total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi .

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Body weight of BCG-immunized or not immunized mice and infected or not with T. cruzi . Values show the mean with S.D. for each group and are representative of two independent experiments with equivalent results. The values were grouped into four stages (see timeline for further reference, ): baseline, from −10 d to 0 d; booster vaccination, from 1 d to 42 d; acute stage, from 2nd to 48th dpi and euthanasia, from 48th to 50th dpi. Values from each time were analyzed through multiple comparisons among groups by two-way ANOVA test followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test, and significant difference is shown (*) when p ≤ 0.05 compared to the group I (healthy mice), (**) when comparing the groups immunized with wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvants without infection vs. their infected counterpart groups, and (***) when both adjuvants were compared between them. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Body temperature of mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA statistical test followed by the Tukey post hoc test at each time point (basal, booster vaccination, acute stage, and euthanasia), and a significant difference was demonstrated (*, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group I (healthy mice), and (**, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing the groups immunized with wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvants without infection (groups III and V, respectively) vs. their infected counterpart groups (groups IV and VI, respectively). The dotted lines show the normal temperature range in mice. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Physical condition record of mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values show the mean with the S.D. of each group, which were analyzed with the nonparametric statistical test of Kruskal–Wallis followed by the Dunn post hoc test, and a significant difference was demonstrated (*, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group I (healthy mice) and (**, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group II (not vaccinated and infected mice). Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Humoral immune response in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the optical densities (O.D.) of total IgG ( a ), IgG1 ( b ), and IgG2a ( c ) by group. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey post hoc test. The results were considered significant when (*) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing against the II group infected mice, (**) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing the vaccinated group against its infected pair, and (***) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing the immunized/infected groups between them. Post-imm = post-immunization. The black line in ( a ) shows the cut-off value in the ELISA. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum cytokines concentration of the Th1 immune profile in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the cytokine levels (pg/mL) by group: TNF-α ( a ), IFN-γ ( b ), IL-1β ( c ), IL-2 ( d ), IL-12 ( e ), and IL-18 ( f ). The one-way ANOVA statistical test followed by the Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the existence of a significant difference (* p ≤ 0.05) with respect to the baseline concentration (preimmune sera pool of all mice or group II at post-imm/pre-infection time), (** p ≤ 0.05) of the euthanasia-time groups with respect to their corresponding ones in the post-vaccination/pre-infection time and (*** p ≤ 0.05) when the infected groups (vaccinated or not) were compared between them. Post-imm = post-immunization. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum cytokines concentration of the Th2 immune profile in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the cytokine levels (pg/mL) by group: IL-4 ( a ), IL-6 ( b ), and IL-10 ( c ). One-way ANOVA statistical test followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to determine significant difference (* p ≤ 0.05) with respect to the baseline concentration (preimmune sera pool of all mice or group II at post-imm/pre-infection time) and (** p ≤ 0.05) when comparing the infected groups (vaccinated or not) among them. Post-imm = post-immunization. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histopathological findings in tissue samples of heart ( a ) and skeletal muscle, ( b ) from mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Representative micrographs of each experimental group are shown. Green arrows indicate amastigotes nests. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected. Magnification: ×250 or ×400.

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scores of tissue damage degree from mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the heart ( a ) or skeletal muscle, ( b ) damage degree scores from each mouse per group at 30th dpi (acute phase of ChD). Kruskal–Wallis test was used for determining significant differences when (*) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing all groups with the I group healthy mice. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Groups of five 6-to 8-week-old, 20.8 ± 0.5 g on average, BALB/c mice were classified as follows and as shown in : (I) not-vaccinated, not-infected mice; (II) not-vaccinated, T. cruzi -infected mice; (III) total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTPE)-vaccinated mice and using the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (IV) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the wild-type M. bovis BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (V) TcTPE-vaccinated mice and using the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, not infected; (VI) TcTPE-vaccinated mice plus the M. bovis BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain as an adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected; (VII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, not infected; (VIII) TcTPE-vaccinated mice without any adjuvant, and T. cruzi -infected.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Timeline and interventions of the study. Eight groups of BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized twice at 21-day interval with 100 µL containing 10–15 µg of the TcTPE plus 10 4 CFU of wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c strain in 100 μL each to evaluate the effectiveness of the two BCG strains as adjuvants. All procedures were performed in duplicate, and data showed in the subsequent figures are representative of the two independent experiments. SC = subcutaneous, IP = intraperitoneal, BT = blood trypomastigotes, d = days, dpi = day post-infection, TcTPE = total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi .

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Body weight of BCG-immunized or not immunized mice and infected or not with T. cruzi . Values show the mean with S.D. for each group and are representative of two independent experiments with equivalent results. The values were grouped into four stages (see timeline for further reference, ): baseline, from −10 d to 0 d; booster vaccination, from 1 d to 42 d; acute stage, from 2nd to 48th dpi and euthanasia, from 48th to 50th dpi. Values from each time were analyzed through multiple comparisons among groups by two-way ANOVA test followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test, and significant difference is shown (*) when p ≤ 0.05 compared to the group I (healthy mice), (**) when comparing the groups immunized with wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvants without infection vs. their infected counterpart groups, and (***) when both adjuvants were compared between them. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Body temperature of mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA statistical test followed by the Tukey post hoc test at each time point (basal, booster vaccination, acute stage, and euthanasia), and a significant difference was demonstrated (*, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group I (healthy mice), and (**, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing the groups immunized with wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvants without infection (groups III and V, respectively) vs. their infected counterpart groups (groups IV and VI, respectively). The dotted lines show the normal temperature range in mice. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Physical condition record of mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values show the mean with the S.D. of each group, which were analyzed with the nonparametric statistical test of Kruskal–Wallis followed by the Dunn post hoc test, and a significant difference was demonstrated (*, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group I (healthy mice) and (**, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group II (not vaccinated and infected mice). Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Humoral immune response in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the optical densities (O.D.) of total IgG ( a ), IgG1 ( b ), and IgG2a ( c ) by group. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey post hoc test. The results were considered significant when (*) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing against the II group infected mice, (**) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing the vaccinated group against its infected pair, and (***) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing the immunized/infected groups between them. Post-imm = post-immunization. The black line in ( a ) shows the cut-off value in the ELISA. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum cytokines concentration of the Th1 immune profile in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the cytokine levels (pg/mL) by group: TNF-α ( a ), IFN-γ ( b ), IL-1β ( c ), IL-2 ( d ), IL-12 ( e ), and IL-18 ( f ). The one-way ANOVA statistical test followed by the Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the existence of a significant difference (* p ≤ 0.05) with respect to the baseline concentration (preimmune sera pool of all mice or group II at post-imm/pre-infection time), (** p ≤ 0.05) of the euthanasia-time groups with respect to their corresponding ones in the post-vaccination/pre-infection time and (*** p ≤ 0.05) when the infected groups (vaccinated or not) were compared between them. Post-imm = post-immunization. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum cytokines concentration of the Th2 immune profile in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the cytokine levels (pg/mL) by group: IL-4 ( a ), IL-6 ( b ), and IL-10 ( c ). One-way ANOVA statistical test followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to determine significant difference (* p ≤ 0.05) with respect to the baseline concentration (preimmune sera pool of all mice or group II at post-imm/pre-infection time) and (** p ≤ 0.05) when comparing the infected groups (vaccinated or not) among them. Post-imm = post-immunization. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histopathological findings in tissue samples of heart ( a ) and skeletal muscle, ( b ) from mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Representative micrographs of each experimental group are shown. Green arrows indicate amastigotes nests. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected. Magnification: ×250 or ×400.

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scores of tissue damage degree from mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the heart ( a ) or skeletal muscle, ( b ) damage degree scores from each mouse per group at 30th dpi (acute phase of ChD). Kruskal–Wallis test was used for determining significant differences when (*) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing all groups with the I group healthy mice. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: Other authors observed that only male BALB/c mice vaccinated with M. bovis Danish 1331 BCG strain (BCG SSI) showed a significant weight loss of 20% [ ]; however, in the present study females BALB/c showed such effect with M. bovis Pasteur ATCC 35734 BCG strain.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Timeline and interventions of the study. Eight groups of BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized twice at 21-day interval with 100 µL containing 10–15 µg of the TcTPE plus 10 4 CFU of wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c strain in 100 μL each to evaluate the effectiveness of the two BCG strains as adjuvants. All procedures were performed in duplicate, and data showed in the subsequent figures are representative of the two independent experiments. SC = subcutaneous, IP = intraperitoneal, BT = blood trypomastigotes, d = days, dpi = day post-infection, TcTPE = total protein extract from Trypanosoma cruzi .

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Body weight of BCG-immunized or not immunized mice and infected or not with T. cruzi . Values show the mean with S.D. for each group and are representative of two independent experiments with equivalent results. The values were grouped into four stages (see timeline for further reference, ): baseline, from −10 d to 0 d; booster vaccination, from 1 d to 42 d; acute stage, from 2nd to 48th dpi and euthanasia, from 48th to 50th dpi. Values from each time were analyzed through multiple comparisons among groups by two-way ANOVA test followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test, and significant difference is shown (*) when p ≤ 0.05 compared to the group I (healthy mice), (**) when comparing the groups immunized with wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvants without infection vs. their infected counterpart groups, and (***) when both adjuvants were compared between them. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Body temperature of mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA statistical test followed by the Tukey post hoc test at each time point (basal, booster vaccination, acute stage, and euthanasia), and a significant difference was demonstrated (*, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group I (healthy mice), and (**, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing the groups immunized with wtBCG or BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvants without infection (groups III and V, respectively) vs. their infected counterpart groups (groups IV and VI, respectively). The dotted lines show the normal temperature range in mice. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Physical condition record of mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values show the mean with the S.D. of each group, which were analyzed with the nonparametric statistical test of Kruskal–Wallis followed by the Dunn post hoc test, and a significant difference was demonstrated (*, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group I (healthy mice) and (**, p ≤ 0.05) when comparing against the group II (not vaccinated and infected mice). Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Humoral immune response in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the optical densities (O.D.) of total IgG ( a ), IgG1 ( b ), and IgG2a ( c ) by group. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey post hoc test. The results were considered significant when (*) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing against the II group infected mice, (**) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing the vaccinated group against its infected pair, and (***) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing the immunized/infected groups between them. Post-imm = post-immunization. The black line in ( a ) shows the cut-off value in the ELISA. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum cytokines concentration of the Th1 immune profile in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the cytokine levels (pg/mL) by group: TNF-α ( a ), IFN-γ ( b ), IL-1β ( c ), IL-2 ( d ), IL-12 ( e ), and IL-18 ( f ). The one-way ANOVA statistical test followed by the Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the existence of a significant difference (* p ≤ 0.05) with respect to the baseline concentration (preimmune sera pool of all mice or group II at post-imm/pre-infection time), (** p ≤ 0.05) of the euthanasia-time groups with respect to their corresponding ones in the post-vaccination/pre-infection time and (*** p ≤ 0.05) when the infected groups (vaccinated or not) were compared between them. Post-imm = post-immunization. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum cytokines concentration of the Th2 immune profile in mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the cytokine levels (pg/mL) by group: IL-4 ( a ), IL-6 ( b ), and IL-10 ( c ). One-way ANOVA statistical test followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to determine significant difference (* p ≤ 0.05) with respect to the baseline concentration (preimmune sera pool of all mice or group II at post-imm/pre-infection time) and (** p ≤ 0.05) when comparing the infected groups (vaccinated or not) among them. Post-imm = post-immunization. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histopathological findings in tissue samples of heart ( a ) and skeletal muscle, ( b ) from mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi . Representative micrographs of each experimental group are shown. Green arrows indicate amastigotes nests. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected. Magnification: ×250 or ×400.

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Vaccination with a Trypanosoma cruzi Protein Extract Plus BCG∆BCG1419c Promotes a Balanced Th1/Th2 Immune Profile That Improves Control of Acute Chagas Disease in BALB/c Mice

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13112447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scores of tissue damage degree from mice immunized with the vaccine formulation of TcTPE using M. bovis BCG strains as adjuvants and infected with T. cruzi. Values represent the mean ± S.D. of the heart ( a ) or skeletal muscle, ( b ) damage degree scores from each mouse per group at 30th dpi (acute phase of ChD). Kruskal–Wallis test was used for determining significant differences when (*) p ≤ 0.05 when comparing all groups with the I group healthy mice. Group I = not vaccinated/not infected; group II = not vaccinated/infected; group III = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/not infected; group IV = TcTPE-vaccinated + wtBCG as adjuvant/infected; group V = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/not infected; group VI = TcTPE-vaccinated + BCG∆BCG1419c as adjuvant/infected; group VII = TcTPE-vaccinated/not infected; group VIII = TcTPE-vaccinated/infected.

Article Snippet: V , Yes , BCG∆BCG1419c mutant strain derived from M. bovis BCG Pasteur strain ATCC 35734 , Not infected , N/A.

Techniques: Formulation, Infection, Adjuvant