Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: XRD pattern of Au-Pd bimetallic alloyed nanoparticles obtained using GR extract and its bioactive compound, ASP.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) HRTEM micrograph coupled with the Selected Area Electron diffraction (SAED) pattern insertion of GR plant extract synthesized Au-Pd alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles; ( B ) particle size distribution corresponding to micrograph A and ( C ) the d-lattice fringes of the nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques: Plant Extract, Synthesized

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) HRTEM micrograph coupled with the SAED patterns of ASP-synthesized Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles, ( B ) histogram depicting the particle distribution of nanoparticles corresponding to micrograph ( A , C ), and the corresponding d-lattice spacing.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques: Synthesized

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A , B ) Mapping images of individual Au (red) and Pd (green) atoms; ( C ) the overlaid image of Au and Pd atoms, and ( D ) STEM-HAADF Au-Pd alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A , B ) Mapping images of individual Au (red) and Pd (green) atoms; ( C ) the overlaid image of Au and Pd atoms, and ( D ) STEM-HAADF Au-Pd core–shell bimetallic nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: The FTIR spectra of the (a) GR extract, and (b) Au-Pd alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: FTIR spectra of (a) ASP and (b) Au-Pd core–shell bimetallic nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: Assessing the in vitro stability of ASP-Au-Pd nanoparticles over given time intervals in biogenic media.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques: In Vitro

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cellular uptake results determined from ICP-OES measurements of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles. The y -axis represents normalized fractional values (unitless), not percentages.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Aspalathin and Their Toxicity Study

doi: 10.3390/molecules31050910

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram summarizing the steps involved in the green synthesis of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: The formation of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by BMG LABTECH-SPECTROstar-Nano ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Ortenberg, Germany) to confirm the peak surface plasmon resonance of the Au-Pd NPs at ~530 nm.

Techniques:

Journal: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Article Title: Development of Au x Cu y Pd z Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Agents: Enhancing Cancer Treatment through Autophagy Modulation and Immune-Associated Effects

doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c20536

Figure Lengend Snippet: Material characterization of Au x Cu y Pd z @PSMA nanoparticles with different Pd ratios (0–20%): (a) UV–Visible spectra of as-prepared Au x Cu y Pd z nanoparticles and TEM images of (b) Au 72 Cu 28 , (c) Au 69 Cu 23 Pd 8 , (d) Au 57 Cu 16 Pd 27 , and (e) Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 nanocomposites. (f) AAS elemental analysis of Au x Cu y Pd z nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: T24 and MB49 cells cultured in 6-well dishes (2 × 10 5 per well) subjected to 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP treatments (w/o CQ and MG-132) for 8 and 16 h were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 30 min on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C to remove precipitates.

Techniques:

Journal: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Article Title: Development of Au x Cu y Pd z Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Agents: Enhancing Cancer Treatment through Autophagy Modulation and Immune-Associated Effects

doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c20536

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) High-magnification TEM image of the Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 nanoparticles and corresponding EDS mapping images and (b) line-scan analysis of Au, Cu, and Pd. XPS spectra for the binding energies of (c) Cu 2p, (d) Au 4f, and (e) Pd 3d + Au 4d by the Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 nanoparticles. UV–visible records for the (f) catalytic reduction of 4-NP and (g) catalytic oxidation of TMB by the Au 72 Cu 28 , Au 69 Cu 23 Pd 8 , Au 57 Cu 16 Pd 27 , and Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: T24 and MB49 cells cultured in 6-well dishes (2 × 10 5 per well) subjected to 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP treatments (w/o CQ and MG-132) for 8 and 16 h were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 30 min on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C to remove precipitates.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Article Title: Development of Au x Cu y Pd z Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Agents: Enhancing Cancer Treatment through Autophagy Modulation and Immune-Associated Effects

doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c20536

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytotoxicity and autophagy induction effects of Au x Cu y Pd z nanoparticles with different Pd ratios on bladder cancer cells. MTT assay with (a) Au x Cu y Pd z nanoparticles at 24 h and (b,c) different incubation times in T24 human bladder cancer cells. (d) Au 72 Cu 28 and Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 differentially induced autophagy in T24 human bladder cancer cells at different concentrations at 8 h, as determined via AO staining and flow cytometry analysis. The results were statistically analyzed, with three replicates shown in (e). (f) Confocal microscopy images of T24 cells after treatment with different concentrations of Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 for 24 h, followed by LC3 and Lamp-2 immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar = 50 μm. (g) Changes in the expression levels of the autophagy protein LC3 in T24 cells after being treated with 0.02 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 for 24 h, along with the quantification results. (h) Changes in the expression levels of the autophagy protein LC3 in T24 cells after being treated with different concentrations of the Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 micronanoshells for 24 h, along with the quantification results.

Article Snippet: T24 and MB49 cells cultured in 6-well dishes (2 × 10 5 per well) subjected to 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP treatments (w/o CQ and MG-132) for 8 and 16 h were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 30 min on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C to remove precipitates.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Incubation, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Confocal Microscopy, Immunofluorescence, Expressing

Journal: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Article Title: Development of Au x Cu y Pd z Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Agents: Enhancing Cancer Treatment through Autophagy Modulation and Immune-Associated Effects

doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c20536

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell death type analysis. (a) Apoptosis results of cancer cells treated with different concentrations of Au 72 Cu 28 and Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NPs via flow cytometric analysis of T24 cells after 4 h of culture. (b) Statistical analysis of apoptosis ratios from triplicate experiments in (a). Fluorescence images of mitochondrial ROS in cancer cells treated with 0.01 and 0.05 mM (c) Au 72 Cu 28 and (d) Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NPs in T24 cells after 1, 2, and 4 h of culture with different concentrations of Au x Cu y Pd z and the related quantitation results (in the below). Scale bar = 50 μm. (e) Mitophagy fluorescence images of T24 cells treated with different concentrations of Au x Cu y Pd z for 8 and 16 h of culture were obtained with a mitophagy detection kit and the related quantitation results. Scale bar = 50 μm.

Article Snippet: T24 and MB49 cells cultured in 6-well dishes (2 × 10 5 per well) subjected to 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP treatments (w/o CQ and MG-132) for 8 and 16 h were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 30 min on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C to remove precipitates.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Quantitation Assay

Journal: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Article Title: Development of Au x Cu y Pd z Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Agents: Enhancing Cancer Treatment through Autophagy Modulation and Immune-Associated Effects

doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c20536

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) LPO activity in T24 cells treated with different concentrations of Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NPs after 4 and 16 h of culture. (b) Statistical analysis of LPO ratios from triplicate experiments in (a). n = 3. (c) Changes in the expression levels of GPX4 in T24 cells after coculture with indicated concentrations of Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NPs for 16 h, as determined by Western blotting. (d) The quantification results and (e) fluorescent images of intracellular labile iron level analysis in T24 cells treated with Au x Cu y Pd z NPs for 8 and 16 h by FerroOrange staining, Scale bar = 50 μm.

Article Snippet: T24 and MB49 cells cultured in 6-well dishes (2 × 10 5 per well) subjected to 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP treatments (w/o CQ and MG-132) for 8 and 16 h were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 30 min on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C to remove precipitates.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Staining

Journal: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Article Title: Development of Au x Cu y Pd z Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Agents: Enhancing Cancer Treatment through Autophagy Modulation and Immune-Associated Effects

doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c20536

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Cell uptake of Au x Cu y Pd z NPs was measured via dark-field microscopy images of T24 cells treated with 0.025 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NPs at different time points (0–24 h). Scale bar = 20 μm. (b) Normalized punctate signals within the cells from (a). (c) Total uptake of Au in T24 cells by atomic absorption spectroscopy during the first 6 h of incubation with Au x Cu y Pd z micronanoshells, followed by an additional 6 and 24 h after removing the NPs. (d) Cu metabolism-related gene expression analysis of T24 treated with Au x Cu y Pd z materials for 24 h via qPCR. (e) Schematic illustration showing that Pd-doped AuCu NPs enhanced cell uptake and exocytosis while they still induced ROS and autophagy, leading to cell death. The statistics are compared between Au 72 Cu 28 and Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NPs at the same time points.

Article Snippet: T24 and MB49 cells cultured in 6-well dishes (2 × 10 5 per well) subjected to 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP treatments (w/o CQ and MG-132) for 8 and 16 h were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 30 min on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C to remove precipitates.

Techniques: Microscopy, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Incubation, Gene Expression

Journal: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Article Title: Development of Au x Cu y Pd z Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Agents: Enhancing Cancer Treatment through Autophagy Modulation and Immune-Associated Effects

doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c20536

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytotoxicity results of (a) MTT of T24 cells treated with equal amounts of metal ions for 24 h. (b) MTT results of Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 micronanoshells combined with autophagy/Cu/ferroptosis inhibitors or activators. (c) Analysis of the intracellular labile iron level in Au x Cu y Pd z -treated T24 cells via FerroOrange staining under 20 μM CQ cotreatment for 16 h, and the fluorescence quantification results are presented in (d). Scale bar = 50 μm. (e) Changes in the expression levels of IDO1, PD-L1, and CD47 in T24 cells after treatment with indicated concentrations of Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP for 16 h, as determined by Western blotting. (f) The scheme illustrates that the Au x Cu y Pd z NPs enhanced cancer cell uptake and induced ROS, which led to subsequent lipid peroxidation (ferroptosis), sustained autophagy (mitophagy), and Cu metabolism alterations (upregulated CTR1/2, ATOX, and ATP7A/B) and ultimately caused cell death. The sustained autophagy additionally triggered the degradation of immune evasion proteins (PD-L1, CD47, IDO-1) via lysosomes and proteasomes, resulting in the reversal of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (right seesaw). Using inhibitors or reagents for blocking uptake, autophagy or copper chelation can significantly rescue cells from death.

Article Snippet: T24 and MB49 cells cultured in 6-well dishes (2 × 10 5 per well) subjected to 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP treatments (w/o CQ and MG-132) for 8 and 16 h were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 30 min on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C to remove precipitates.

Techniques: Staining, Fluorescence, Expressing, Western Blot, Blocking Assay

Journal: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Article Title: Development of Au x Cu y Pd z Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Agents: Enhancing Cancer Treatment through Autophagy Modulation and Immune-Associated Effects

doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c20536

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo mechanism validation by orthotopic MB49 tumor-bearing mice. (a) Schematic illustration of treatment groups and experiment timelines for the mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model. Ultrasound imaging (b) and the normalized growth curve (c) of the tumor growth for the MB49 tumor-bearing mice received Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 micronanoshells and Au 86 Cu 14 nanoshells. The related survival rate and body weight curve are shown in (d,e), respectively. Scale bar = 2 mm in (b). (f) The major organ (heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, tumor) H&E staining images of Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 micronanoshells, Au 86 Cu 14 nanoshells, and particle-free groups. Scale bar = 100 μm. (g) The biodistribution of Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 micronanoshells at different time points (1 h, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days). N.D. means less than 0.1 ppm. (h) The tumor IHC images of Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 micronanoshells, Au 86 Cu 14 nanoshells, and particle-free groups for autophagy, ferroptosis, and immune cell markers. Scale bar = 200 μm.

Article Snippet: T24 and MB49 cells cultured in 6-well dishes (2 × 10 5 per well) subjected to 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mM Au 72 Cu 28 or Au 36 Cu 5 Pd 59 NP treatments (w/o CQ and MG-132) for 8 and 16 h were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 30 min on ice and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C to remove precipitates.

Techniques: In Vivo, Biomarker Discovery, Imaging, Staining