Journal: Ecology Letters

Article Title: Runaway evolution from male‐male competition

doi: 10.1111/ele.13921

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evolution of a male signal, body size, and aggression in response to male‐male competition. Panels (a) and (b) show evolutionary trajectories for each trait over 200 generations, and panels (c) and (d) show predicted lines of equilibria (heavy line) and their stability (gray arrows). In all panels, all three traits have the same genetic variance ( G = 1 ), benefit ( b A = 0.2 ) and cost of aggression ( c A = 0.05 ), fitness cost deriving from the threat of a male's opponent ( c B = 0.2 ), cost of signal size ( c s = 0.05 ; with naturally selected optimum θ S = 0 ), and a responsiveness of aggression to body size ( δ AS = 0.4 ). The line of equilibria is calculated from Equation using these values. In panels (a) and (c), signal size is weakly correlated with body size ( G SB = 0.4 ), while in panels (b) and (d), the two traits are more strongly correlated ( G SB = 0.8 ). When the genetic correlation between signal size and body size is weak, all three traits reach equilibria (a), with equilibrium aggression predicted solely by costs and benefits. Signal size and body size reach a point on the predicted line of equilibrium (c) that differs depending on their starting values. When the genetic correlation is strong, aggression still reaches an equilibrium, but signal size and body size run away together (b), overshooting the predicted line of equilibria (d). As in Fisherian selection from female mate choice (Lande, ), male‐male competition can drive traits to runaway elaboration or extinction when the line of equilibria is unstable (d)

Article Snippet: This effect is captured in our model as a term in which aggression scales with the magnitude of the size difference between opponents, which is supported by optimality models and empirical studies (Emlen, , ; Huxley, ; Maynard Smith & Harper, ; Parker, ; Riechert, ; Sneddon et al., ).

Techniques: Selection

Journal: Ecology Letters

Article Title: Runaway evolution from male‐male competition

doi: 10.1111/ele.13921

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stronger dependence of male aggressive behavior leads to more elaborate traits at equilibrium. Panel (a) illustrates a relatively weak influence of opponent signal on male aggression ( δ AS = 0.4 ), while panel (b) illustrates a stronger influence ( δ AS = 0.8 ). In each panel, we use starting values for traits relevant to the highly sexually dimorphic earwig Labidura riparia , which uses its forceps as a signaling trait and is shown to the right of each panel (drawing modified from Lucas, ). Other parameters are the same as Figure . When the influence of opponent signal is weak (a), both body size and signal show a moderate evolutionary increase. When the influence is stronger (b), both body size and signal increase more, but the final signal size is much larger relative to body size. The highly elaborate elongate forceps in panel (b) may be found in other earwig species like Forcipula gariazzi

Article Snippet: This effect is captured in our model as a term in which aggression scales with the magnitude of the size difference between opponents, which is supported by optimality models and empirical studies (Emlen, , ; Huxley, ; Maynard Smith & Harper, ; Parker, ; Riechert, ; Sneddon et al., ).

Techniques: Modification

Journal: Journal of Clinical Psychology

Article Title: Cognitive‐motivational, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning in relationship to treatment and research engagement in forensic patients with ADHD

doi: 10.1002/jclp.23016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Background and descriptive information on patients' cognitive‐motivational, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning, and treatment and research compliance ( N = 52)

Article Snippet: The psychometric properties of the aggression scales were sufficient in previous research in (forensic) clinical samples (Hornsveld, Muris, Kraaimaat, & Meesters, ).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Clinical Psychology

Article Title: Cognitive‐motivational, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning in relationship to treatment and research engagement in forensic patients with ADHD

doi: 10.1002/jclp.23016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bivariate correlations and descriptive statistics on cognitive‐motivational, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning and no‐shows and treatment time intervals ( N = 52)

Article Snippet: The psychometric properties of the aggression scales were sufficient in previous research in (forensic) clinical samples (Hornsveld, Muris, Kraaimaat, & Meesters, ).

Techniques: