Journal: iScience

Article Title: Subtype-specific modulation of inhibitory interneurons by general anesthetics

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115140

Figure Lengend Snippet: Isoflurane, propofol, and ketamine suppress parvalbumin (PV) neuronal activity in S1 (A) Schematic representation of virus injection (left) and two-photon imaging (right). Scale bars, 50 μm. (B) GCaMP6f expression (green) and GABA immunostaining (red) in a PV-Cre mouse injected with AAV1-CAG-flex-GCaMP6f-WPRE-SV40. Fluorescence blur was corrected using the haze reduction function of the fluorescence microscope. Scale bars, 50 μm. (C) Proportion of GCaMP6f-positive neurons among NeuN-positive neurons ( n = 8 slices from 4 mice). (D–G) Analysis of PV neurons during isoflurane administration (601 neurons from 8 mice). (H–K) Analysis of PV neurons during propofol administration (608 neurons from 8 mice). (L–O) Analysis of PV neurons during ketamine administration (615 neurons from 8 mice). (D, H, and L) Top: Representative calcium traces from five neurons before and after anesthetic administration. Traces before and after anesthesia are concatenated segments and are not continuous recordings. Bottom: Representative EEG and EMG recordings before and after anesthetic administration. (E, I, and M) Mean powers of Ca 2+ transients ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (F, J, and N) Mean correlation coefficients (C.C.) of paired neurons ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (G, K, and O) Mean firing frequencies of Ca 2+ transients ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (E–G, I–K, and M–O) Statistical significance was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ∗∗ p < 0.01. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. AAV, adeno-associated virus; EEG, electroencephalography; EMG, electromyography; Iso, isoflurane; Ket, ketamine; Prop, propofol; PV, parvalbumin.

Article Snippet: AAV1-CAG-flex-GCaMP6f-WPRE-SV40 , Addgene , Addgene plasmid #100835;.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Virus, Injection, Imaging, Expressing, Immunostaining, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Subtype-specific modulation of inhibitory interneurons by general anesthetics

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115140

Figure Lengend Snippet: Isoflurane, propofol, and ketamine suppress somatostatin (SST) neuronal activity in S1 (A) Schematic representation of virus injection (left) and two-photon imaging (right). Scale bars, 50 μm. (B) GCaMP6f expression (green) and GABA immunostaining (red) in an SST-Cre mouse injected with AAV1-CAG-flex-GCaMP6f-WPRE-SV40. Fluorescence blur was corrected using the haze reduction function of the fluorescence microscope. Scale bars, 50 μm. (C) Proportion of GCaMP6f-positive neurons among NeuN-positive neurons ( n = 8 slices from 4 mice). (D–G) Analysis of SST neurons during isoflurane administration (460 neurons from 8 mice). (H–K) Analysis of SST neurons during propofol administration (470 neurons from 8 mice). (L–O) Analysis of SST neurons during ketamine administration (540 neurons from 8 mice). (D, H, and L) Top: Representative calcium traces from five neurons before and after anesthetic administration. Traces before and after anesthesia are concatenated segments and are not continuous recordings. Bottom: Representative EEG and EMG recordings before and after anesthetic administration. (E, I, and M) Mean powers of Ca 2+ transients ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (F, J, and N) Mean correlation coefficients (C.C.) of paired neurons ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (G, K, and O) Mean firing frequencies of Ca 2+ transients ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (E–G, I–K, and M–O) Statistical significance was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ns, not significant. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. AAV, adeno-associated virus; EEG, electroencephalography; EMG, electromyography; Iso, isoflurane; Ket, ketamine; Prop, propofol; SST, somatostatin.

Article Snippet: AAV1-CAG-flex-GCaMP6f-WPRE-SV40 , Addgene , Addgene plasmid #100835;.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Virus, Injection, Imaging, Expressing, Immunostaining, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Subtype-specific modulation of inhibitory interneurons by general anesthetics

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115140

Figure Lengend Snippet: Isoflurane, propofol, and ketamine suppress parvalbumin (PV) neuronal activity in S1 (A) Schematic representation of virus injection (left) and two-photon imaging (right). Scale bars, 50 μm. (B) GCaMP6f expression (green) and GABA immunostaining (red) in a PV-Cre mouse injected with AAV1-CAG-flex-GCaMP6f-WPRE-SV40. Fluorescence blur was corrected using the haze reduction function of the fluorescence microscope. Scale bars, 50 μm. (C) Proportion of GCaMP6f-positive neurons among NeuN-positive neurons ( n = 8 slices from 4 mice). (D–G) Analysis of PV neurons during isoflurane administration (601 neurons from 8 mice). (H–K) Analysis of PV neurons during propofol administration (608 neurons from 8 mice). (L–O) Analysis of PV neurons during ketamine administration (615 neurons from 8 mice). (D, H, and L) Top: Representative calcium traces from five neurons before and after anesthetic administration. Traces before and after anesthesia are concatenated segments and are not continuous recordings. Bottom: Representative EEG and EMG recordings before and after anesthetic administration. (E, I, and M) Mean powers of Ca 2+ transients ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (F, J, and N) Mean correlation coefficients (C.C.) of paired neurons ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (G, K, and O) Mean firing frequencies of Ca 2+ transients ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (E–G, I–K, and M–O) Statistical significance was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ∗∗ p < 0.01. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. AAV, adeno-associated virus; EEG, electroencephalography; EMG, electromyography; Iso, isoflurane; Ket, ketamine; Prop, propofol; PV, parvalbumin.

Article Snippet: In Cre-driver lines, Cre-dependent expression of GCaMP6f was induced using AAV1-CAG-Flex-GCaMP6f (Addgene; 7.0 × 10 12 vg/mL, diluted 1:1 in PBS, #100835).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Virus, Injection, Imaging, Expressing, Immunostaining, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Subtype-specific modulation of inhibitory interneurons by general anesthetics

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115140

Figure Lengend Snippet: Isoflurane, propofol, and ketamine suppress somatostatin (SST) neuronal activity in S1 (A) Schematic representation of virus injection (left) and two-photon imaging (right). Scale bars, 50 μm. (B) GCaMP6f expression (green) and GABA immunostaining (red) in an SST-Cre mouse injected with AAV1-CAG-flex-GCaMP6f-WPRE-SV40. Fluorescence blur was corrected using the haze reduction function of the fluorescence microscope. Scale bars, 50 μm. (C) Proportion of GCaMP6f-positive neurons among NeuN-positive neurons ( n = 8 slices from 4 mice). (D–G) Analysis of SST neurons during isoflurane administration (460 neurons from 8 mice). (H–K) Analysis of SST neurons during propofol administration (470 neurons from 8 mice). (L–O) Analysis of SST neurons during ketamine administration (540 neurons from 8 mice). (D, H, and L) Top: Representative calcium traces from five neurons before and after anesthetic administration. Traces before and after anesthesia are concatenated segments and are not continuous recordings. Bottom: Representative EEG and EMG recordings before and after anesthetic administration. (E, I, and M) Mean powers of Ca 2+ transients ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (F, J, and N) Mean correlation coefficients (C.C.) of paired neurons ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (G, K, and O) Mean firing frequencies of Ca 2+ transients ( n = 8 mice) before and after anesthetic administration. (E–G, I–K, and M–O) Statistical significance was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ns, not significant. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. AAV, adeno-associated virus; EEG, electroencephalography; EMG, electromyography; Iso, isoflurane; Ket, ketamine; Prop, propofol; SST, somatostatin.

Article Snippet: In Cre-driver lines, Cre-dependent expression of GCaMP6f was induced using AAV1-CAG-Flex-GCaMP6f (Addgene; 7.0 × 10 12 vg/mL, diluted 1:1 in PBS, #100835).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Virus, Injection, Imaging, Expressing, Immunostaining, Fluorescence, Microscopy