Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: On-chip real-time detection of optical frequency variations with ultrahigh resolution using the sine-cosine encoder approach

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58251-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: a The schematic drawing of the sine-cosine optical frequency detector (OFD) consisting of two un-balanced I-Q interferometers with different free spectral ranges (FSRs) (TFLN: thin film lithium niobate, MMI: multimode interference coupler, PD: photodetector). b Frequency or wavelength of a tunable laser varies rapidly with time. c Illustration of the signal output from one of the PD in the upper (main) interferometer with a small FSR (blue) for high-resolution optical frequency variation (OFV) detection, and one of the PD in the lower (assistive) interferometer with a large FSR (red) for low-resolution absolution frequency detection. d Measured \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Delta \varphi }_{u}\left(t\right)$$\end{document} Δ φ u t from Eqs. (S7) to (S9) and the corresponding demodulated frequency or wavelength.

Article Snippet: Detection BW (Hz) , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{{\rm{\sigma }}}}_{\max }{{\rm{THz}}}/{{\rm{s}}}$$\end{document} σ max THz / s (nm/s) , 16-bit DAQ \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(\delta {f}_{{DAQ}})$$\end{document} ( δ f D A Q ) , Fundamental noises \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\delta {f}_{n}(\delta {V}_{n})$$\end{document} δ f n ( δ V n ) , Commercial electronics \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\delta f}_{n}^{{\prime} }({\delta V}_{n}^{{\prime} })$$\end{document} δ f n ′ ( δ V n ′ ).

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: On-chip real-time detection of optical frequency variations with ultrahigh resolution using the sine-cosine encoder approach

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58251-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Limits of OFV measurement speeds and resolutions at different detection bandwidths

Article Snippet: Detection BW (Hz) , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{{\rm{\sigma }}}}_{\max }{{\rm{THz}}}/{{\rm{s}}}$$\end{document} σ max THz / s (nm/s) , 16-bit DAQ \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(\delta {f}_{{DAQ}})$$\end{document} ( δ f D A Q ) , Fundamental noises \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\delta {f}_{n}(\delta {V}_{n})$$\end{document} δ f n ( δ V n ) , Commercial electronics \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\delta f}_{n}^{{\prime} }({\delta V}_{n}^{{\prime} })$$\end{document} δ f n ′ ( δ V n ′ ).

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: On-chip real-time detection of optical frequency variations with ultrahigh resolution using the sine-cosine encoder approach

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58251-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Performance comparison of different FBG interrogators

Article Snippet: Detection BW (Hz) , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{{\rm{\sigma }}}}_{\max }{{\rm{THz}}}/{{\rm{s}}}$$\end{document} σ max THz / s (nm/s) , 16-bit DAQ \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(\delta {f}_{{DAQ}})$$\end{document} ( δ f D A Q ) , Fundamental noises \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\delta {f}_{n}(\delta {V}_{n})$$\end{document} δ f n ( δ V n ) , Commercial electronics \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\delta f}_{n}^{{\prime} }({\delta V}_{n}^{{\prime} })$$\end{document} δ f n ′ ( δ V n ′ ).

Techniques: Comparison, Sampling