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Carl Roth GmbH sds gel loading buffer
Sds Gel Loading Buffer, supplied by Carl Roth GmbH, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/nonreducing+sds+loading+buffer/sds+gel+loading+buffer/pmc03365809-201-19-24
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sds gel loading buffer - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
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Article Title: Assessing the Molecular Targets and Mode of Action of Furanone C-30 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing
Article Snippet: Sample (loading) buffer for SDS–PAGE was purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).

Article Title: REVERBA couples the circadian clock to Leydig cell steroidogenesis.
Article Snippet: Funding information The Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research, Grant/Award Number: APV2708; Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia, Grant/Award Numbers: 451-03-47/2023-01/200125, CeRES grant Abstract The involvement of the molecular clock in regulating cell physiological processes on a specific time scale is a recognized concept, yet its specific impact on optimizing androgen production in Leydig cells has been unclear.. This study aimed to confirm the role of the REVERBA (NR1D1) gene in controlling the transcription of key genes related to Leydig cell steroid production.. We investigated daily variations by collecting Leydig cells from rats at various times within a 24-h period.

Article Title: PLOD2 Is a Prognostic Marker in Glioblastoma That Modulates the Immune Microenvironment and Tumor Progression
Article Snippet: Cell debris was removed by centrifugation and the lysates were incubated with an SDS-Loading buffer containing 4% glycerin, 0.8% SDS, 1.6% beta-mercaptoethanol and 0.04% bromophenol blue (all from Carl Roth).

Article Title: Assessing the Molecular Targets and Mode of Action of Furanone C-30 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing
Article Snippet: Sample (loading) buffer for SDS–PAGE was purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).


SDS Page:

Article Title: Development of novel genetically-encoded fluorescent probes to track ceramides during phagocytosis
Article Snippet: Protein concentration was quantitated using RotiQuant kit (Carl Roth). .. Lysates were diluted in the SDS Loading Buffer (Roti-Load, Carl Roth) and heated at 95°C for 5 min. 15-30 μg protein were loaded and separated by SDS-PAGE in 4–12% SurePAGE 12-well pre-cast gels (Genscript). .. Proteins were transferred onto PVDF membranes using iBlot or iBlot2 system (Thermo).

Article Title: Effects of a Multimerized Recombinant Autoantibody Against Amyloid-β.
Article Snippet: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease; thus, the search for a cure or causal therapy has become necessary.. Despite intense research on this topic in recent decades, there is no curative therapy up today, and also no disease-modifying treatment has been approved.. As promising approach passive immunization strategies have thereby come forth.

MTT Assay:

Article Title: Iron(III)-salophene catalyzes redox cycles that induce phospholipid peroxidation and deplete cancer cells of ferroptosis-protecting cofactors.
Article Snippet: Ethanol (Fisher Scientific, #10048291; 16.7 %) and staurosporine (Sigma Aldrich, #S4400; 1 μM) were used as controls. .. To each well, 20 μL MTT (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4, sterile filtered) was added and the incubation continued for 1.5 h. Cells were lysed and MTT was solubilized by adding 100 μL SDS buffer (Carl Roth, #2326.2; 10 % SDS in 20 mM HCl, pH 4.5) with shaking in the dark for 20 h. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a SpectraMAX iD3 spectrometer (Molecular Devices, San José, CA) and normalized to vehicle (100 % cell viability) and ethanol control (0 % cell viability). .. MCF-12A cells (1 × 104) and MDA-MB-231 cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 6-well plates (Fisher Scientific, #10380291) in 2 mL of culture medium for 24 h, then the medium was replaced every 2 days with fresh culture medium containing vehicle (0.1 % DMSO) or test compounds.

Saline:

Article Title: Iron(III)-salophene catalyzes redox cycles that induce phospholipid peroxidation and deplete cancer cells of ferroptosis-protecting cofactors.
Article Snippet: Ethanol (Fisher Scientific, #10048291; 16.7 %) and staurosporine (Sigma Aldrich, #S4400; 1 μM) were used as controls. .. To each well, 20 μL MTT (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4, sterile filtered) was added and the incubation continued for 1.5 h. Cells were lysed and MTT was solubilized by adding 100 μL SDS buffer (Carl Roth, #2326.2; 10 % SDS in 20 mM HCl, pH 4.5) with shaking in the dark for 20 h. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a SpectraMAX iD3 spectrometer (Molecular Devices, San José, CA) and normalized to vehicle (100 % cell viability) and ethanol control (0 % cell viability). .. MCF-12A cells (1 × 104) and MDA-MB-231 cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 6-well plates (Fisher Scientific, #10380291) in 2 mL of culture medium for 24 h, then the medium was replaced every 2 days with fresh culture medium containing vehicle (0.1 % DMSO) or test compounds.

Sterility:

Article Title: Iron(III)-salophene catalyzes redox cycles that induce phospholipid peroxidation and deplete cancer cells of ferroptosis-protecting cofactors.
Article Snippet: Ethanol (Fisher Scientific, #10048291; 16.7 %) and staurosporine (Sigma Aldrich, #S4400; 1 μM) were used as controls. .. To each well, 20 μL MTT (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4, sterile filtered) was added and the incubation continued for 1.5 h. Cells were lysed and MTT was solubilized by adding 100 μL SDS buffer (Carl Roth, #2326.2; 10 % SDS in 20 mM HCl, pH 4.5) with shaking in the dark for 20 h. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a SpectraMAX iD3 spectrometer (Molecular Devices, San José, CA) and normalized to vehicle (100 % cell viability) and ethanol control (0 % cell viability). .. MCF-12A cells (1 × 104) and MDA-MB-231 cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 6-well plates (Fisher Scientific, #10380291) in 2 mL of culture medium for 24 h, then the medium was replaced every 2 days with fresh culture medium containing vehicle (0.1 % DMSO) or test compounds.

Incubation:

Article Title: Iron(III)-salophene catalyzes redox cycles that induce phospholipid peroxidation and deplete cancer cells of ferroptosis-protecting cofactors.
Article Snippet: Ethanol (Fisher Scientific, #10048291; 16.7 %) and staurosporine (Sigma Aldrich, #S4400; 1 μM) were used as controls. .. To each well, 20 μL MTT (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4, sterile filtered) was added and the incubation continued for 1.5 h. Cells were lysed and MTT was solubilized by adding 100 μL SDS buffer (Carl Roth, #2326.2; 10 % SDS in 20 mM HCl, pH 4.5) with shaking in the dark for 20 h. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a SpectraMAX iD3 spectrometer (Molecular Devices, San José, CA) and normalized to vehicle (100 % cell viability) and ethanol control (0 % cell viability). .. MCF-12A cells (1 × 104) and MDA-MB-231 cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 6-well plates (Fisher Scientific, #10380291) in 2 mL of culture medium for 24 h, then the medium was replaced every 2 days with fresh culture medium containing vehicle (0.1 % DMSO) or test compounds.

Control:

Article Title: Iron(III)-salophene catalyzes redox cycles that induce phospholipid peroxidation and deplete cancer cells of ferroptosis-protecting cofactors.
Article Snippet: Ethanol (Fisher Scientific, #10048291; 16.7 %) and staurosporine (Sigma Aldrich, #S4400; 1 μM) were used as controls. .. To each well, 20 μL MTT (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4, sterile filtered) was added and the incubation continued for 1.5 h. Cells were lysed and MTT was solubilized by adding 100 μL SDS buffer (Carl Roth, #2326.2; 10 % SDS in 20 mM HCl, pH 4.5) with shaking in the dark for 20 h. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a SpectraMAX iD3 spectrometer (Molecular Devices, San José, CA) and normalized to vehicle (100 % cell viability) and ethanol control (0 % cell viability). .. MCF-12A cells (1 × 104) and MDA-MB-231 cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 6-well plates (Fisher Scientific, #10380291) in 2 mL of culture medium for 24 h, then the medium was replaced every 2 days with fresh culture medium containing vehicle (0.1 % DMSO) or test compounds.

Glycoproteomics:

Article Title: Effects of a Multimerized Recombinant Autoantibody Against Amyloid-β.
Article Snippet: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease; thus, the search for a cure or causal therapy has become necessary.. Despite intense research on this topic in recent decades, there is no curative therapy up today, and also no disease-modifying treatment has been approved.. As promising approach passive immunization strategies have thereby come forth.

Extraction:

Article Title: Effects of a Multimerized Recombinant Autoantibody Against Amyloid-β.
Article Snippet: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease; thus, the search for a cure or causal therapy has become necessary.. Despite intense research on this topic in recent decades, there is no curative therapy up today, and also no disease-modifying treatment has been approved.. As promising approach passive immunization strategies have thereby come forth.

Recombinant:

Article Title: Effects of a Multimerized Recombinant Autoantibody Against Amyloid-β.
Article Snippet: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease; thus, the search for a cure or causal therapy has become necessary.. Despite intense research on this topic in recent decades, there is no curative therapy up today, and also no disease-modifying treatment has been approved.. As promising approach passive immunization strategies have thereby come forth.



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Metagenomic thioredoxin E5 is a new i thioredoxin superfamily member with an unusual reaction mechanism. A , E5 is an effective disulfide isomerase in the commercial Escherichia coli SHUFFLE strain and can support oxidative folding of several proteins, including vtPA, which contains nine disulfide bonds when folded correctly. B , it shows higher initial velocity than E. coli TrxA in an insulin reduction assay. C , redox potential determination of E5 using 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, as described for <xref ref-type=Figure 7 C . When oxidized in a glutathione redox buffer, E5 forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in nonreducing SDS-PAGE. M, marker, MW in kDa indicated on the right, ox. and red.: fully oxidized and reduced E5, respectively. D , the redox potential can be calculated from the ratio of reduced and oxidized protein in a given glutathione redox buffer based on the Nernst equation. Based on these calculations, E5 has a standard redox potential of −246 mV, close to the redox potential of thioredoxin. E , reduced E5 and E. coli TrxA reduce insulin when no DTT for enzyme recycling is added. F , E5 protein oxidized in this reaction forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Higher molecular weight species indicated by arrows are presumably insulin adducts to the E5 dimer and E5 multimers crosslinked by insulin. G , an E5 C77S mutant, which contains only one cysteine, still forms a disulfide-linked dimer when oxidized with diamide and ( H ) is still active in an insulin reduction assay, while an E5 C74S mutant is inactive. I , size exclusion choromatography of E5 and its C77S mutant suggests a molecular weight consistent approximately with a homohexamer (the calculated mass of E5 is 23,580 Da), when compared with a protein mixture used as standard (THY, thyroglobulin; FER, ferritin; ALD, aldolase; CON, conalbumin; OVA, ovalbumin; CAR, carbonic anhydrase; and RIB, ribonuclease). To calculate the molecular weight of E5, high and low molecular weight standard proteins were run in separate runs, and their molecular mass was plotted against the elution volume. The plot was fitted using an exponential function in Excel. " width="250" height="auto" />
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Metagenomic thioredoxin E5 is a new i thioredoxin superfamily member with an unusual reaction mechanism. A , E5 is an effective disulfide isomerase in the commercial Escherichia coli SHUFFLE strain and can support oxidative folding of several proteins, including vtPA, which contains nine disulfide bonds when folded correctly. B , it shows higher initial velocity than E. coli TrxA in an insulin reduction assay. C , redox potential determination of E5 using 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, as described for <xref ref-type=Figure 7 C . When oxidized in a glutathione redox buffer, E5 forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in nonreducing SDS-PAGE. M, marker, MW in kDa indicated on the right, ox. and red.: fully oxidized and reduced E5, respectively. D , the redox potential can be calculated from the ratio of reduced and oxidized protein in a given glutathione redox buffer based on the Nernst equation. Based on these calculations, E5 has a standard redox potential of −246 mV, close to the redox potential of thioredoxin. E , reduced E5 and E. coli TrxA reduce insulin when no DTT for enzyme recycling is added. F , E5 protein oxidized in this reaction forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Higher molecular weight species indicated by arrows are presumably insulin adducts to the E5 dimer and E5 multimers crosslinked by insulin. G , an E5 C77S mutant, which contains only one cysteine, still forms a disulfide-linked dimer when oxidized with diamide and ( H ) is still active in an insulin reduction assay, while an E5 C74S mutant is inactive. I , size exclusion choromatography of E5 and its C77S mutant suggests a molecular weight consistent approximately with a homohexamer (the calculated mass of E5 is 23,580 Da), when compared with a protein mixture used as standard (THY, thyroglobulin; FER, ferritin; ALD, aldolase; CON, conalbumin; OVA, ovalbumin; CAR, carbonic anhydrase; and RIB, ribonuclease). To calculate the molecular weight of E5, high and low molecular weight standard proteins were run in separate runs, and their molecular mass was plotted against the elution volume. The plot was fitted using an exponential function in Excel. " width="250" height="auto" />
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Metagenomic thioredoxin E5 is a new i thioredoxin superfamily member with an unusual reaction mechanism. A , E5 is an effective disulfide isomerase in the commercial Escherichia coli SHUFFLE strain and can support oxidative folding of several proteins, including vtPA, which contains nine disulfide bonds when folded correctly. B , it shows higher initial velocity than E. coli TrxA in an insulin reduction assay. C , redox potential determination of E5 using 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, as described for <xref ref-type=Figure 7 C . When oxidized in a glutathione redox buffer, E5 forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in nonreducing SDS-PAGE. M, marker, MW in kDa indicated on the right, ox. and red.: fully oxidized and reduced E5, respectively. D , the redox potential can be calculated from the ratio of reduced and oxidized protein in a given glutathione redox buffer based on the Nernst equation. Based on these calculations, E5 has a standard redox potential of −246 mV, close to the redox potential of thioredoxin. E , reduced E5 and E. coli TrxA reduce insulin when no DTT for enzyme recycling is added. F , E5 protein oxidized in this reaction forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Higher molecular weight species indicated by arrows are presumably insulin adducts to the E5 dimer and E5 multimers crosslinked by insulin. G , an E5 C77S mutant, which contains only one cysteine, still forms a disulfide-linked dimer when oxidized with diamide and ( H ) is still active in an insulin reduction assay, while an E5 C74S mutant is inactive. I , size exclusion choromatography of E5 and its C77S mutant suggests a molecular weight consistent approximately with a homohexamer (the calculated mass of E5 is 23,580 Da), when compared with a protein mixture used as standard (THY, thyroglobulin; FER, ferritin; ALD, aldolase; CON, conalbumin; OVA, ovalbumin; CAR, carbonic anhydrase; and RIB, ribonuclease). To calculate the molecular weight of E5, high and low molecular weight standard proteins were run in separate runs, and their molecular mass was plotted against the elution volume. The plot was fitted using an exponential function in Excel. " width="250" height="auto" />
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Metagenomic thioredoxin E5 is a new i thioredoxin superfamily member with an unusual reaction mechanism. A , E5 is an effective disulfide isomerase in the commercial Escherichia coli SHUFFLE strain and can support oxidative folding of several proteins, including vtPA, which contains nine disulfide bonds when folded correctly. B , it shows higher initial velocity than E. coli TrxA in an insulin reduction assay. C , redox potential determination of E5 using 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, as described for <xref ref-type=Figure 7 C . When oxidized in a glutathione redox buffer, E5 forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in nonreducing SDS-PAGE. M, marker, MW in kDa indicated on the right, ox. and red.: fully oxidized and reduced E5, respectively. D , the redox potential can be calculated from the ratio of reduced and oxidized protein in a given glutathione redox buffer based on the Nernst equation. Based on these calculations, E5 has a standard redox potential of −246 mV, close to the redox potential of thioredoxin. E , reduced E5 and E. coli TrxA reduce insulin when no DTT for enzyme recycling is added. F , E5 protein oxidized in this reaction forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Higher molecular weight species indicated by arrows are presumably insulin adducts to the E5 dimer and E5 multimers crosslinked by insulin. G , an E5 C77S mutant, which contains only one cysteine, still forms a disulfide-linked dimer when oxidized with diamide and ( H ) is still active in an insulin reduction assay, while an E5 C74S mutant is inactive. I , size exclusion choromatography of E5 and its C77S mutant suggests a molecular weight consistent approximately with a homohexamer (the calculated mass of E5 is 23,580 Da), when compared with a protein mixture used as standard (THY, thyroglobulin; FER, ferritin; ALD, aldolase; CON, conalbumin; OVA, ovalbumin; CAR, carbonic anhydrase; and RIB, ribonuclease). To calculate the molecular weight of E5, high and low molecular weight standard proteins were run in separate runs, and their molecular mass was plotted against the elution volume. The plot was fitted using an exponential function in Excel. " width="250" height="auto" />
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Metagenomic thioredoxin E5 is a new i thioredoxin superfamily member with an unusual reaction mechanism. A , E5 is an effective disulfide isomerase in the commercial Escherichia coli SHUFFLE strain and can support oxidative folding of several proteins, including vtPA, which contains nine disulfide bonds when folded correctly. B , it shows higher initial velocity than E. coli TrxA in an insulin reduction assay. C , redox potential determination of E5 using 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, as described for <xref ref-type=Figure 7 C . When oxidized in a glutathione redox buffer, E5 forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in nonreducing SDS-PAGE. M, marker, MW in kDa indicated on the right, ox. and red.: fully oxidized and reduced E5, respectively. D , the redox potential can be calculated from the ratio of reduced and oxidized protein in a given glutathione redox buffer based on the Nernst equation. Based on these calculations, E5 has a standard redox potential of −246 mV, close to the redox potential of thioredoxin. E , reduced E5 and E. coli TrxA reduce insulin when no DTT for enzyme recycling is added. F , E5 protein oxidized in this reaction forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Higher molecular weight species indicated by arrows are presumably insulin adducts to the E5 dimer and E5 multimers crosslinked by insulin. G , an E5 C77S mutant, which contains only one cysteine, still forms a disulfide-linked dimer when oxidized with diamide and ( H ) is still active in an insulin reduction assay, while an E5 C74S mutant is inactive. I , size exclusion choromatography of E5 and its C77S mutant suggests a molecular weight consistent approximately with a homohexamer (the calculated mass of E5 is 23,580 Da), when compared with a protein mixture used as standard (THY, thyroglobulin; FER, ferritin; ALD, aldolase; CON, conalbumin; OVA, ovalbumin; CAR, carbonic anhydrase; and RIB, ribonuclease). To calculate the molecular weight of E5, high and low molecular weight standard proteins were run in separate runs, and their molecular mass was plotted against the elution volume. The plot was fitted using an exponential function in Excel. " width="250" height="auto" />
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Metagenomic thioredoxin E5 is a new i thioredoxin superfamily member with an unusual reaction mechanism. A , E5 is an effective disulfide isomerase in the commercial Escherichia coli SHUFFLE strain and can support oxidative folding of several proteins, including vtPA, which contains nine disulfide bonds when folded correctly. B , it shows higher initial velocity than E. coli TrxA in an insulin reduction assay. C , redox potential determination of E5 using 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, as described for <xref ref-type=Figure 7 C . When oxidized in a glutathione redox buffer, E5 forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in nonreducing SDS-PAGE. M, marker, MW in kDa indicated on the right, ox. and red.: fully oxidized and reduced E5, respectively. D , the redox potential can be calculated from the ratio of reduced and oxidized protein in a given glutathione redox buffer based on the Nernst equation. Based on these calculations, E5 has a standard redox potential of −246 mV, close to the redox potential of thioredoxin. E , reduced E5 and E. coli TrxA reduce insulin when no DTT for enzyme recycling is added. F , E5 protein oxidized in this reaction forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Higher molecular weight species indicated by arrows are presumably insulin adducts to the E5 dimer and E5 multimers crosslinked by insulin. G , an E5 C77S mutant, which contains only one cysteine, still forms a disulfide-linked dimer when oxidized with diamide and ( H ) is still active in an insulin reduction assay, while an E5 C74S mutant is inactive. I , size exclusion choromatography of E5 and its C77S mutant suggests a molecular weight consistent approximately with a homohexamer (the calculated mass of E5 is 23,580 Da), when compared with a protein mixture used as standard (THY, thyroglobulin; FER, ferritin; ALD, aldolase; CON, conalbumin; OVA, ovalbumin; CAR, carbonic anhydrase; and RIB, ribonuclease). To calculate the molecular weight of E5, high and low molecular weight standard proteins were run in separate runs, and their molecular mass was plotted against the elution volume. The plot was fitted using an exponential function in Excel. " width="100%" height="100%">

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Functional metagenomics of the thioredoxin superfamily

doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.016350

Figure Lengend Snippet: Metagenomic thioredoxin E5 is a new i thioredoxin superfamily member with an unusual reaction mechanism. A , E5 is an effective disulfide isomerase in the commercial Escherichia coli SHUFFLE strain and can support oxidative folding of several proteins, including vtPA, which contains nine disulfide bonds when folded correctly. B , it shows higher initial velocity than E. coli TrxA in an insulin reduction assay. C , redox potential determination of E5 using 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, as described for Figure 7 C . When oxidized in a glutathione redox buffer, E5 forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in nonreducing SDS-PAGE. M, marker, MW in kDa indicated on the right, ox. and red.: fully oxidized and reduced E5, respectively. D , the redox potential can be calculated from the ratio of reduced and oxidized protein in a given glutathione redox buffer based on the Nernst equation. Based on these calculations, E5 has a standard redox potential of −246 mV, close to the redox potential of thioredoxin. E , reduced E5 and E. coli TrxA reduce insulin when no DTT for enzyme recycling is added. F , E5 protein oxidized in this reaction forms disulfide-linked dimers, which can be observed in a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Higher molecular weight species indicated by arrows are presumably insulin adducts to the E5 dimer and E5 multimers crosslinked by insulin. G , an E5 C77S mutant, which contains only one cysteine, still forms a disulfide-linked dimer when oxidized with diamide and ( H ) is still active in an insulin reduction assay, while an E5 C74S mutant is inactive. I , size exclusion choromatography of E5 and its C77S mutant suggests a molecular weight consistent approximately with a homohexamer (the calculated mass of E5 is 23,580 Da), when compared with a protein mixture used as standard (THY, thyroglobulin; FER, ferritin; ALD, aldolase; CON, conalbumin; OVA, ovalbumin; CAR, carbonic anhydrase; and RIB, ribonuclease). To calculate the molecular weight of E5, high and low molecular weight standard proteins were run in separate runs, and their molecular mass was plotted against the elution volume. The plot was fitted using an exponential function in Excel.

Article Snippet: Then, samples were incubated for 5 min at 95 °C in 1× nonreducing SDS loading buffer (2% [w/v] SDS, 12% [v/v] glycerol, 60 mM Tris–HCl [pH 7.0], and 0.0001% [w/v] bromophenol blue) and loaded onto a precast NuPAGE Novex 4 to 12% Bis–Tris protein gel (Life Technologies).

Techniques: Insulin Reduction Assay, SDS Page, Marker, Enzyme Recycling Assay, Staining, Molecular Weight, Mutagenesis