Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Elevated cholesterol in APOE4 astrocytes drives mitochondrial cristae collapse and ATP synthase dysfunction

doi: 10.64898/2026.08.04.742391

Figure Lengend Snippet: APOE3 and APOE astrocytes were supplemented with 10 µg/mL cholesterol without or with epicatechin (EPI) for 48 hours and cells stained with Hoechst ( A ). Cell clumping ( B ) and cell number ( C ) were measured in n = 3 experiments. D ) APOE astrocytes were treated for 48 hours with 25 nM antimycin A (AA), with and without 25 nM or 2.5 µM epicatechin, or left untreated, and stained with Hoechst and the cell numbers quantified in n = 3 experiments. E ) As D except that methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) was used in place of epicatechin. F ) APOE3 and APOE astrocytes treated with 5 nM oligomycin (OLI), with and without 5 or 20 µM MβCD, or left untreated for 48 hours and stained with Hoechst, and cell numbers quantified from 3 independent experiments in panel G .

Article Snippet: After 24 h, cells were treated with the following compounds at the indicated final concentrations: cholesterol (10 μg/mL from the Abcam kit; or its equivalent 3 x Gibco cholesterol supplement Cat # 12531018), 25 nM antimycin A (Sigma-Aldrich), 5 nM oligomycin (Sigma-Aldrich), 5 μM or 20 μM β-cyclodextrin (MedChemExpress), and 25 nM or 2.5 μM epicatechin (MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: International Journal of Biological Sciences

Article Title: Young plasma-derived exosomes deliver YOD1 to induce M2 polarization and ameliorate osteoporosis via mTOR signaling pathways

doi: 10.7150/ijbs.138620

Figure Lengend Snippet: Investigation of the uptake mechanism of plasma exosomes. (A) Flow cytometric analysis of DiD-labeled Y-Exos uptake by BMMs and BMSCs after treatment with the endocytosis inhibitors Dynasore, EIPA, and MβCD at different time points (1 h, 2 h, and 4 h), n=3. (B) Quantification of DiD-positive cells in BMMs (a) and BMSCs (b) after different inhibitor treatments. (C) Western blot analysis of the effects of Dynasore-mediated inhibition of Y-Exos uptake on BMM polarization and BMSC osteogenic differentiation. (D) Quantification of iNOS, ARG1, RUNX2, and OCN protein expression, n=3. Protein expression was normalized to ACTIN and calibrated against the PBS group. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; NS, no significant difference.

Article Snippet: In addition, BMMs and BMSCs were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 150,000 cells per well and pretreated with inhibitors targeting different endocytic pathways for 1 h, including 50 μM Dynasore (dynamin activity inhibitor; MedChemExpress, China, HY-15304), 50 μM EIPA (macropinocytosis inhibitor; MedChemExpress, China, HY-101840), and 3 mM MβCD (lipid raft inhibitor; MedChemExpress, China, HY-101461).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Exosomes, Analysis, Labeling, Western Blot, Inhibition, Expressing