Journal: Cell Biology and Toxicology

Article Title: Targeting ADAMTS1/HDAC6 alleviates TGF-β1/SMAD2-associated cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction

doi: 10.1007/s10565-026-10159-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: ADAMTS1 levels were increased in the serum of patients with myocardial fibrosis, in the hearts of mice after CFPMI and in cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with fibrotic factors. A . ADAMTS1 levels in clinical serum samples were evaluated via ELISA. N = 30. A CFPMI mouse model was constructed, and the mice were randomly divided into a Sham group and a CFPMI group, with 6 mice/group. B . Echocardiographic results of different treatment groups, with measurements of ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS). N = 6. C . Survival rate of mice in each group. D . HE and picrosirius red staining of collagen deposition in mouse cardiac tissues, with quantification of the Collagen Volume Fraction. E and F . ADAMTS1 expression in mouse heart tissue was determined through Western blot and IHC. Human cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 or 0.1 μM Ang II for 12, 24, or 48 h to construct in vitro models. The cells were divided into four groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups. G and H . Western blot detection of the expression of ADAMTS1, Collagen I and FN. I. The expression levels of ADAMTS1, Collagen I and FN were measured via qRT‒PCR. After the optimal time point (48 h) was determined, the mice were further divided into the control, TGF-β1 and Ang II groups. J . ADAMTS1 expression in cells was assessed by IF. Human cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 or 0.1 μM Ang II for 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. K. qRT-PCR detection of the mRNA expression of ADAMTS1, Collagen I and FN. N = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Human cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (HY- P78168 , MCE) or 0.1 μM Ang II (HY-13948, MCE) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models, and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (50698-M08H-B, Sino Biological) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models (Weng et al. ), which was divided into the following groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Construct, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot, In Vitro, Control, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Cell Biology and Toxicology

Article Title: Targeting ADAMTS1/HDAC6 alleviates TGF-β1/SMAD2-associated cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction

doi: 10.1007/s10565-026-10159-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: SMAD2 regulated ADAMTS1 expression in human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts induced by TGF-β1. We used 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 to induce human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts for 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. A and B . Western blot analysis of the expression of SMAD2, p-SMAD2 and ADAMTS1. Human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 for 48 h, and the cells were divided into Control and TGF-β1 groups. C . Human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were induced with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 for 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. qRT‒PCR was performed to detect the mRNA levels of ADAMTS1, Collagen I, and FN. D . IF staining was conducted to determine the expression of p-SMAD2 and ADAMTS1 at 48 h. A CFPMI mouse model was constructed, and the mice were randomly divided into a Sham group and a CFPMI group, with 6 mice/group. E . p-SMAD2 expression in mouse heart tissue was measured by IHC. F . ChIP verification of the interaction between SMAD2 and ADAMTS1. Then, we interfered with SMAD2 expression. The groups were the si-NC, si-SMAD2-1, and si-SMAD2-2 groups. G . SMAD2 expression was assessed via qRT‒PCR. After the best si-SMAD2 was selected, the cells were further divided into the si-NC, TGF-β1 (48 h), si-SMAD2, and TGF-β1 + si-SMAD2 groups. H . Western blot detection of ADAMTS1, Collagen I, and FN expression in cells. N = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Human cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (HY- P78168 , MCE) or 0.1 μM Ang II (HY-13948, MCE) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models, and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (50698-M08H-B, Sino Biological) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models (Weng et al. ), which was divided into the following groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Staining, Construct

Journal: Cell Biology and Toxicology

Article Title: Targeting ADAMTS1/HDAC6 alleviates TGF-β1/SMAD2-associated cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction

doi: 10.1007/s10565-026-10159-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of ADAMTS1 enhanced the production of collagen fiber proteins in human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts induced by TGF-β1. We overexpressed ADAMTS1 and divided the cells into the oe-NC, TGF-β1 (48 h), oe-ADAMTS1, and TGF-β1 + oe-ADAMTS1 groups. A . Western blot detection of ADAMTS1, Collagen I, FN, and α-SMA expression. B-D . IF staining of Collagen I and FN expression. Additionally, we interfered with ADAMTS1; the cells were grouped as follows: si-NC, si-ADAMTS1-1, and si-ADAMTS1-2. E . ADAMTS1 expression was determined through qRT‒PCR. After the best si-ADAMTS1 was selected, the cells were further divided into the si-NC, TGF-β1 (48 h), si-ADAMTS1, and TGF-β1 + si-ADAMTS1 groups. F and G . Western blot detection of ADAMTS1, Collagen I, FN, and α-SMA expression. H and I . IF staining of Collagen I and FN expression. N = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Human cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (HY- P78168 , MCE) or 0.1 μM Ang II (HY-13948, MCE) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models, and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (50698-M08H-B, Sino Biological) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models (Weng et al. ), which was divided into the following groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups.

Techniques: Over Expression, Western Blot, Expressing, Staining

Journal: Cell Biology and Toxicology

Article Title: Targeting ADAMTS1/HDAC6 alleviates TGF-β1/SMAD2-associated cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction

doi: 10.1007/s10565-026-10159-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Knockdown of ADAMTS1 alleviated TGF-β1-induced fibrosis by downregulating HDAC6 protein expression. A CFPMI mouse model was constructed, and the mice were randomly divided into a Sham group and a CFPMI group, with 6 mice/group. A . HDAC6 expression in mouse heart tissue was determined through IHC. After the best si-ADAMTS1 was selected, the cells were further divided into the si-NC and si-ADAMTS1 groups. B . ADAMTS1 and HDAC6 expression was assessed via qRT‒PCR. C . Western blot analysis of ADAMTS1 and HDAC6 expression. Furthermore, we overexpressed ADAMTS1 and divided the cells into the oe-NC, TGF-β1, oe-ADAMTS1, and TGF-β1 + oe-ADAMTS1 groups. D . Western blot detection of HDAC6 expression. After the si-ADAMTS1 group was selected, the cells were further divided into the si-NC, TGF-β1, si-ADAMTS1, and TGF-β1 + si-ADAMTS1 groups. E. Western blot detection of HDAC6 expression. Moreover, cells were treated with the HDAC6 inhibitor ACY1215 (5 μM) for 48 h and then divided into the si-NC, si-ADAMTS1, si-NC + ACY1215, and si-ADAMTS1 + ACY1215 groups. F. Western blot detection of TGF-β1, Collagen I, FN, and ADAMTS1 expression. Subsequently, experiments were performed in human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts with ADAMTS1 overexpression followed by treatment with the HDAC6 inhibitor ACY1215. G. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression levels of ADAMTS1 and HDAC6. H. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of TGF-β1, Collagen I, and FN. N = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Human cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (HY- P78168 , MCE) or 0.1 μM Ang II (HY-13948, MCE) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models, and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (50698-M08H-B, Sino Biological) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models (Weng et al. ), which was divided into the following groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups.

Techniques: Knockdown, Expressing, Construct, Western Blot, Over Expression

Journal: Cell Biology and Toxicology

Article Title: Targeting ADAMTS1/HDAC6 alleviates TGF-β1/SMAD2-associated cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction

doi: 10.1007/s10565-026-10159-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: ADAMTS1 interacted with HDAC6 during fibrosis. A . Co-IP verification of the interaction of ADAMTS1 with HDAC6, with ADAMTS1 as the bait protein. In the experiment, we first captured the ADAMTS1 protein using a specific antibody and then used Co-IP technology to detect its interaction with HDAC6. B . Co-IP verification of the interaction of HDAC6 with ADAMTS1, with HDAC6 as the bait protein. In the experiment, we captured the HDAC6 protein using a specific antibody and then used Co-IP technology to detect its interaction with ADAMTS1. We used 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 to induce human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts for 48 h, and the cells were further divided into control and TGF-β1 groups. C . IF staining was performed to evaluate the colocalization of ADAMTS1 and HDAC6 in TGF-β1-treated human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts. D . Changes in the level of ubiquitinated HDAC6 protein in human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts transfected with oe-ADAMTS1/si-ADAMTS1 or oe-NC/si-NC in the presence of 10 μM MG132. E. In si-ADAMTS1-treated human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts, MG132 (10 μM) was added to detect the ubiquitination levels of ADAMTS1 protein. F. Human and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with TGF-β1 and subjected to SMAD2 knockdown to determine the ubiquitination levels of ADAMTS1 protein. N = 3. *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Human cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (HY- P78168 , MCE) or 0.1 μM Ang II (HY-13948, MCE) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models, and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (50698-M08H-B, Sino Biological) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models (Weng et al. ), which was divided into the following groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups.

Techniques: Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Control, Staining, Transfection, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Knockdown

Journal: Cell Biology and Toxicology

Article Title: Targeting ADAMTS1/HDAC6 alleviates TGF-β1/SMAD2-associated cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction

doi: 10.1007/s10565-026-10159-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: AAV-shRNA-ADAMTS1 treatment alleviated myocardial fibrosis and improved cardiac function after CFPMI. The mice were randomly divided into the Sham, CFPMI, and CFPMI + sh-ADAMTS1 groups. A . Echocardiographic results of different treatment groups, with measurements of ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS). N = 6. B . Survival rate of mice in each group. C . HE and picrosirius red staining of collagen deposition in mouse cardiac tissues, with quantification of the Collagen Volume Fraction. D . HDAC6 expression was determined through qRT‒PCR. E. Western blot analysis of the expression of TGF-β1, SMAD2, and p-SMAD2 in mouse heart tissue. F. Western blot detection of Collagen I, and FN expression. N = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Human cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (HY- P78168 , MCE) or 0.1 μM Ang II (HY-13948, MCE) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models, and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (50698-M08H-B, Sino Biological) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models (Weng et al. ), which was divided into the following groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups.

Techniques: shRNA, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Cell Biology and Toxicology

Article Title: Targeting ADAMTS1/HDAC6 alleviates TGF-β1/SMAD2-associated cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction

doi: 10.1007/s10565-026-10159-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: AAV-shRNA-HDAC6 transfection combined with ADAMTS1 inhibitor treatment alleviated myocardial fibrosis and improved cardiac function after CFPMI. The mice were randomly divided into the Sham, CFPMI, CFPMI + anti-ADAMTS1, CFPMI + sh-HDAC6, and CFPMI + anti-ADAMTS1 + sh-HDAC6 groups. A . Echocardiographic results of different treatment groups, with measurements of ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS). N = 6. B . Survival rate of mice in each group. C and D . HE and picrosirius red staining of collagen deposition in mouse cardiac tissues, with quantification of the Collagen Volume Fraction. E. HDAC6 expression was determined through qRT‒PCR. F. Western blot analysis of the expression of TGF-β1, SMAD2, and p-SMAD2 in mouse heart tissue. G. Western blot detection of Collagen I and FN expression. N = 3. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Human cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (HY- P78168 , MCE) or 0.1 μM Ang II (HY-13948, MCE) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models, and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (50698-M08H-B, Sino Biological) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models (Weng et al. ), which was divided into the following groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups.

Techniques: shRNA, Transfection, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Cell Biology and Toxicology

Article Title: Targeting ADAMTS1/HDAC6 alleviates TGF-β1/SMAD2-associated cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibrosis post-myocardial infarction

doi: 10.1007/s10565-026-10159-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: TGF-β1/SMAD2 regulated ADAMTS1 by mediating CFPMI through HDAC6 ubiquitination

Article Snippet: Human cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (HY- P78168 , MCE) or 0.1 μM Ang II (HY-13948, MCE) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models, and mouse cardiac fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 (50698-M08H-B, Sino Biological) for 12, 24, and 48 h to establish in vitro models (Weng et al. ), which was divided into the following groups: the Control, TGF-β1/Ang II (12 h), TGF-β1/Ang II (24 h), and TGF-β1/Ang II (48 h) groups.

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics

Journal: EBioMedicine

Article Title: Intradermal vaccination prevents anti-MOG autoimmune encephalomyelitis in macaques

doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.052

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytokine levels in plasma of treated and control animals. a) Heatmap showing cytokine levels in the plasma of all animals at several time points after sensitisation with rhMOG/IFA. Cytokine levels are represented by a colour gradient, ranging from yellow (no expression) to deep blue (highest concentration). Hierarchical clustering, represented by dendrograms, was performed at individual and cytokine levels. Four groups of animals were identified and are numbered from 1 to 4 in the text: animals treated with anti-DC-ASGPR-MOG are named T1, T2, and T3, controls treated with anti-DC-ASGPR-PSA, C1, C2, and C3, and untreated non-immunised naïve animals, 1, 2, 3, and 4; timepoints in dpi are numbered from D7 to D37; group I (red), group II (green), group III (purple), group IV (yellow); see also Supplemental table 4). b) Cytokine levels (expressed in log10 of pg/ml) in naïve animals relative to those measured in “EAE incubation” group II, in which there were significantly lower TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and IL-8 levels. c) Cytokine levels measured in “EAE resolution” group III, in which there were significantly higher TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and IL-8 levels in treated animals than naïve macaques. d) Varying cytokine levels between the two groups of treated and control animals and the various timepoints. In green, animals treated with anti-DC-ASGPR-MOG (T); in blue, control animals treated with anti-DC-ASGPR-PSA (C) and timepoints in day (d) post-sensitisation with rhMOG/IFA. The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFNγ, and TNFα were elevated at 35 dpi in controls but not treated animals. The levels of IL-8, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 were elevated in treated animals at the last timepoint of 35 dpi, but not in controls. Statistics: exploratory analysis, with no multiple test correction, using the two-tailed unpaired t-test. (ns) p > .05; (*) p ≤ .050; (**) p ≤ .010; (***) p ≤ .0010. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Intracellular staining with anti-IL10-PE (JES3-9D7, BD) and anti-TGFβ1-AF488 (Mouse 9016, R&D system) and extracellular staining with anti-LAP-FITC (TGFβ1) (CH6-17E5.1, Miltenyi Biotec) of macaque PBMCs were also tested but did not permit detection of their targets.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Control, Expressing, Concentration Assay, Incubation, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Beta-hydroxybutyrate dampens adipose progenitors’ profibrotic activation through canonical Tgfβ signaling and non-canonical ZFP36 -dependent mechanisms

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101512

Figure Lengend Snippet: βOHB counteracts Tgfβ-mediated stimulation of ECM genes . Combinatorial treatment with browning agents and Tgfb of visceral (A) or subcutaneous progenitors (B) on the expression of browning genes. βOHB (50 mM) or Bmp4 (10 ng/ml) was added 24 h after plating and Tgfβ (10 ng/ml) was added the following day, until day 5. Bars are mean+/- sem of three independent cell preparations. The same experimental scheme was used in (C–H) , to assess Ctgf , Loxl2 and Fn1 mRNA responses. Each point is an individual well from triplicates in at least 4 independent cell preparations. I: Dose-dependent response of Ctgf , Loxl2 and Fn1 gene expression to βOHB in the presence of Tgfβ in primary subcutaneous progenitors. Parentheses indicate significant differences between conditions, by Student's t test. J: Western blot analysis of Collagen1 protein expression in Tgfβ-stimulated visceral progenitors in the presence of βOHB or Acetoacetate. βOHB or Acetoacetate was added 1 day post plating and was maintained until cell harvest (Day 5). Chronic Tgfβ stimulation started from Day 2 to Day 5. Collagen1 antibody was from Proteintech, ref14695-1. Representative blot is shown, with quantification from 2 to 4 independent cell preparations.

Article Snippet: Tgfβ1 (human recombinant, ref 130-126-724) was from Myltenyi Biotech, Bmp4 (Human recombinant, ref PHC9534) from Invitrogen.

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Western Blot

Journal: Molecular Metabolism

Article Title: Beta-hydroxybutyrate dampens adipose progenitors’ profibrotic activation through canonical Tgfβ signaling and non-canonical ZFP36 -dependent mechanisms

doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101512

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanisms of fibrotic attenuation by βOHB . A : Smads mRNA expression in the presence of βOHB or chronic Tgfβ. Bars are mean values ± sem from 4 independent cell preparations. B: A representative western blot probed with antibodies against Smad2-3 (Cell signalling, ref 8685), Phospho Smad2 (Ser465/467)/Smad3 (Ser423/425) (Cell signalling, ref 8828 and Caveolin 1 (BD Transduction Laboratory, ref 610,060). βOHB concentration range is as in Figure 1 , in the presence or absence of a chronic Tgfβ stimulation. C-D : Quantitative analysis of protein signal intensity after normalization with Caveolin-1 as a loading control. Bars are mean values from 3 independent cell preparations. Parentheses indicate significant differences between groups by t test. E: ZFP36 mRNA upregulation by βOHB. F: Expression of ZFP36 and related transcripts by βOHB and Tgfβ in subcutaneous and visceral progenitors. Bars are mean values ± sem from 3 to 5 independent cell preparations. ∗ indicate significant differences compared to basal by Student t test. G–H: Gene expression in fibroblast cell lines from Wild Type (WT) or ZFP36 KO mice. Note that in KO mice, ZFP36 mRNA is transcribed but contains an insertion in exon 2 which prevents protein production. I-J: Knock-down of ZFP36 with siRNA in primary progenitors maintained with Tgfβ with or without βOHB. Bars are mean values from 3 independent experiments. Parentheses indicate significant differences between groups by t test.

Article Snippet: Tgfβ1 (human recombinant, ref 130-126-724) was from Myltenyi Biotech, Bmp4 (Human recombinant, ref PHC9534) from Invitrogen.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Transduction, Concentration Assay, Control, Gene Expression, Knockdown