Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: tRNA-Derived Small Non-Coding RNAs as Novel Epigenetic Molecules Regulating Adipogenesis

doi: 10.3390/biom9070274

Figure Lengend Snippet: tRNA derived fragments (tRFs) transcriptome sequencing and target gene prediction. ( A ) The average length of identified tRFs from 6 libraries. ( B ) Heat map diagram of differentially expressed tRFs between normal and obese rats. ( C ) The list of top 10 differentially expressed tRFs between normal and obese rats. ( D ) tRF78576 cleaved from tRNA-Glu-TTC, which occupied 67.43% of fragments derived from tRNA-Glu-TTC ( E ) tRF GluTTC has complementary sequences with 3’UTR of Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 12, KLF12, KLF9, and KLF11. ( F ) The inhibitory effect of tRF GluTTC on target genes measured by luciferase assays. All data were presented as means ± standard deviation. * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Six adipose tissue samples were sent to Annoroad Gene Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China) for tRFs sequencing.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Sequencing, Luciferase, Standard Deviation

Journal: The New Phytologist

Article Title: A perspective on cross‐kingdom RNA interference in mutualistic symbioses

doi: 10.1111/nph.19122

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies conducted on ckRNAi.

Article Snippet: As an emerging area of the field, the abundance of in vivo studies of the role of ckRNAi in mutualistic interactions is limited; however, there is evidence of ckRNAi between Medicago truncatula and the bacterial symbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum , with the production of tRNA fragments (tRFs) capable of driving Glycine max transcript cleavage strongly upregulated in B. japonicum during root nodulating symbiosis.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Binding Assay, Membrane, Histone Deacetylase Assay, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: The New Phytologist

Article Title: A perspective on cross‐kingdom RNA interference in mutualistic symbioses

doi: 10.1111/nph.19122

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proposed models for the functioning of ckRNAi in pathogenic and mutualistic symbiosis. (a) A representation of the ckRNAi processes occurring between the plant host and a pathogen, such as the Arabidopsis–B.cinerea pathosystem. Fungal components – AGO proteins, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and RNAs – are illustrated in pink and purple; plant components – AGO1 proteins, EVs, RNAs and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) – are illustrated in green and blue. Several possibilities for the transport of sRNAs are represented here (see Box ), including the transport of sRNAs associated with RNA‐binding proteins and with some level of association with EVs (He et al ., ); the fungal mechanism is largely unknown and is here represented as a mirror of proposed plant mechanisms. Question marks represent areas of uncertainty in pathogenic ckRNAi. CME , clathrin mediated endocytosis (b) An overview of the ckRNAi interactions that have thus far been described in mutualistic symbioses. ckRNAi has been described in root nodulating symbioses with two different bacterial strains (Ren et al ., ); whilst ckRNAi in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis has currently been documented in one interaction (Wong‐Bajracharya et al ., ; see Table for full gene names). Note the inhibition of membrane remodelling and defence in the AM symbiosis remains to be experimentally verified (Silvestri et al ., ). Memtubs – membranous tubules – are illustrated in the AM symbiosis. These have been observed between the fungal cell wall (FCW) and fungal arbuscular membrane (FAM) during symbiosis and pathogenic infections of plant tissue, and have been proposed as a source of EVs in AM symbiosis (Roth et al ., ); this, however, remains unverified, and is represented by the question mark. Dotted lines and question marks represent uncertainty surrounding whether reciprocal ckRNAi from plant to mutualist occurs. AGO , Argonaute, FAM , fungal arbuscular membrane; MPA, mitogen‐activated protein; PAM, peri‐arbuscular membrane; TGS , transcriptional gene silencing; tRFs, red stem loop tRFs shown in root nodule.

Article Snippet: As an emerging area of the field, the abundance of in vivo studies of the role of ckRNAi in mutualistic interactions is limited; however, there is evidence of ckRNAi between Medicago truncatula and the bacterial symbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum , with the production of tRNA fragments (tRFs) capable of driving Glycine max transcript cleavage strongly upregulated in B. japonicum during root nodulating symbiosis.

Techniques: RNA Binding Assay, Inhibition, Membrane