Journal: Disease Models & Mechanisms

Article Title: Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney

doi: 10.1242/dmm.048249

Figure Lengend Snippet: Renal parameters in male Tgfb3 +/− and Tgfb3 +/+ mice. (A–C) Relative mRNA expression and western blot quantification in whole kidneys of male mice at 4 months of age of TGFβ3 (A), TGFβ1 (B) and TGFβ2 (C) ( n =4–5; data are shown as mean±s.e.m.; unpaired Student's t -test with Welch's correction). (D) ACR at 1, 4 and 16 months of age ( n =5–6 for the 1-month-old group, n =11–14 for the 4-month-old group and n =7–12 for the 16-month-old group; data are shown as mean±s.e.m.; unpaired Student's t -test was performed with Welch's correction for each age). (E) mGFR at 4 and 16 months of age ( n =5–9; data are shown as median±interquartile range; Mann–Whitney U test was performed). * P <0.05 versus the control. ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; mGFR, measured glomerular filtration rate.

Article Snippet: Cells (podocytes and MCTs) were transfected with 40 nM of an siRNA specific for Tgfb3 (sc-39805; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or the corresponding scramble control (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, MANN-WHITNEY, Control, Filtration

Journal: Disease Models & Mechanisms

Article Title: Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney

doi: 10.1242/dmm.048249

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tgfb3 +/− male mice show renal fibrosis at 4 months, but not 1 month, of age. (A,B) α-SMA immunohistochemistry ( n =5) (A) and Picrosirius Red staining ( n =4–6) (B) in 1-, 4- and 16-month-old mice. Scale bars: 50 µm. (C) Relative mRNA expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and β-catenin in whole kidney of 4-month-old mice ( n =5–6). (D) Representative western blot and densitometry of PAI-1 in whole kidney of 4-month-old mice ( n =5–6). (E) GBM thickness and foot process width measured on transmission electron microscopy images in whole kidney of 4-month-old mice ( n =4–5). Images were taken at a magnification of 400×. Black arrows mark positively stained areas of the tissue. White arrows mark thickened areas of the GBM, and white asterisks mark foot process effacement. Scale bars: 1 µm. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m.; unpaired Student's t -test with Welch's correction was performed. * P <0.05 versus the control. GBM, glomerular basement membrane; IHC, immunohistochemistry; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin.

Article Snippet: Cells (podocytes and MCTs) were transfected with 40 nM of an siRNA specific for Tgfb3 (sc-39805; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or the corresponding scramble control (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Control, Membrane

Journal: Disease Models & Mechanisms

Article Title: Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney

doi: 10.1242/dmm.048249

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tgfb3 is involved in renal lipid metabolism. (A) Oil Red O staining in kidney (200× magnification; glomerulus, 400× magnification). Scale bars: 100 µm. (B) Bodipy staining intensity measured by flow cytometry ( n =5–6). (C) Relative mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes in whole kidney ( n =5–7). (D) Representative western blot and densitometry of phospho-AKT ( n =4–5). (E) Oil Red O staining of siTGFβ3 podocytes. Images were taken at 400× magnification. Scale bars: 50 µm. (F) Relative mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes in siTGFβ3 podocytes ( n =3). All in vivo experiments were performed in 4-month-old male mice. Black arrows mark red dots representing lipid droplets. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m.; unpaired Student's t -test with Welch's correction was performed. * P <0.05 versus the control. ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AKT, protein kinase B; A.U., arbitrary units; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; Ins, insulin; p, phospho; PGC1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; Sal, saline; SREBP1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; t, total.

Article Snippet: Cells (podocytes and MCTs) were transfected with 40 nM of an siRNA specific for Tgfb3 (sc-39805; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or the corresponding scramble control (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen).

Techniques: Staining, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Western Blot, In Vivo, Control, Saline, Binding Assay

Journal: Disease Models & Mechanisms

Article Title: Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney

doi: 10.1242/dmm.048249

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lipidomic and metabolomic analysis reveals a link between TGFβ3 and renal metabolism. (A) Heatmap representations of lipidomic analysis performed in negative ionization mode {left, LC-MS [−]} and positive ionization mode {right, LC-MS [+]}. (B) Metabolomic analysis showing meaningful biological patterns identified in metabolite concentration through enrichment analysis (left) and heatmap representation (right). All experiments were done in whole kidney of 4-month-old male mice ( n =6–7). Peak intensity for each individual was obtained applying univariate and multivariate tests ( P ≤0.05 or VIP>1). DG, diacylglycerol; GalBetaCer, galbetaceramide; GyceroPC, glycerophosphatidylcholine; LC-MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; LysoPA, lysophosphatidic acid; LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LysoPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; LysoPS, lysophosphatidylserine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PS, phosphatidylserine; siTGFβ3, siRNA-silenced Tgfb3 ; SM, sphingomyelin; TG, triglyceride; VIP, variable influence of projection.

Article Snippet: Cells (podocytes and MCTs) were transfected with 40 nM of an siRNA specific for Tgfb3 (sc-39805; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or the corresponding scramble control (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen).

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Concentration Assay, Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry

Journal: Disease Models & Mechanisms

Article Title: Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney

doi: 10.1242/dmm.048249

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tgfb3 deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysregulation. (A) Relative mRNA expression of mitochondrial and mitochondria-related genes ( n =12). (B) Mitochondrial structural alterations by transmission electron microscopy. Scale bars: 1 µm. (C) Relative mtDNA/nDNA ratio ( n =9). (D) Dihydroethidium staining intensity measured by flow cytometry ( n =4–5). (E) Nitrotyrosine immunohistochemistry ( n =6). Scale bars: 50 µm. All experiments were done in whole kidneys of 4-month-old male mice. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m.; unpaired Student's t -test with Welch's correction was performed. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01 and *** P <0.001 versus the control. A.U., arbitrary units; IHC, immunohistochemistry; Mfn1, mitochondrial fusion protein type 1; Mfn2, mitochondrial fusion protein type 2; mtAtp6, ATP synthase membrane subunit 6; mtCo1, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1; mtCo2, cytochrome oxidase subunit 2; mtCytB, cytochrome B; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; mtND1, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1; mt12S, mitochondrial 12S ribosomal gene; nDNA, nuclear DNA; OLS, onion-like shaped; OPA1, mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; 2HD, dihydroethidium.

Article Snippet: Cells (podocytes and MCTs) were transfected with 40 nM of an siRNA specific for Tgfb3 (sc-39805; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or the corresponding scramble control (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen).

Techniques: Expressing, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, Control, Membrane

Journal: Disease Models & Mechanisms

Article Title: Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney

doi: 10.1242/dmm.048249

Figure Lengend Snippet: Depletion of Tgfb3 leads to higher phosphorylation of TIR–TIIR-mediated pathways. (A–C) Representative western blots and densitometry of the ERK1/2 pathway ( n =8–9) (A), SMAD2/3 pathway ( n =8-9) (B) and JNK pathway ( n =4-7) (C) in whole kidney. (D,E) Relative mRNA expression of SMAD7 ( n =5) (D) and TIR and TIIR ( n =4–6) (E) in whole kidney. (F) Relative mRNA expression of TIR and TIIR in siTGFβ3 podocytes. (G,H) Representative western blots and densitometry of the ERK1/2 pathway (G) and SMAD2/3 pathway (H) in siTGFβ3 podocytes. All in vivo experiments were done in whole kidney of 4-month-old male mice. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m.; unpaired Student's t -test with Welch's correction was performed. * P <0.05 versus the control. C−, negative control; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; p, phospho; siTGFβ3, siRNA-silenced Tgfb3 ; SMAD, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog; t, total; TIR, TGFβ type I receptor; TIIR, TGFβ type II receptor; WT, wild type.

Article Snippet: Cells (podocytes and MCTs) were transfected with 40 nM of an siRNA specific for Tgfb3 (sc-39805; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or the corresponding scramble control (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Western Blot, Expressing, In Vivo, Control, Negative Control

Journal: Disease Models & Mechanisms

Article Title: Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney

doi: 10.1242/dmm.048249

Figure Lengend Snippet: TGFβ3 plays a key role in the physiopathology of the kidney. Reduced TGFβ3 levels lead to a higher TGFβ3/TGFβ3 ratio and lower TIR levels. Because TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 share their receptors, lower levels of TGFβ3 mean higher bioavailability of the TIR and TIIR receptors to TGFβ1. Without TGFβ3 present to counteract the actions of TGFβ1, TGFβ1 overactivates their downstream pathways – SMAD2/3, ERK1/2 and JNK – leading to renal damage. The decrease in TIR levels leads to a preference in the activation of the non-canonical pathways over the canonical SMAD2/3 pathway. As a result, Tgfb3 +/− male mice show albuminuria, loss of renal function, lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, fibrosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations. Note that the podocyte image is reproduced from Fig. 3 . ECM, extracellular matrix; EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition; MCT, mouse proximal tubular renal epithelial cells; MMP, metalloproteinase; TIR, TGFβ type I receptor; TIIR, TGFβ type II receptor.

Article Snippet: Cells (podocytes and MCTs) were transfected with 40 nM of an siRNA specific for Tgfb3 (sc-39805; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or the corresponding scramble control (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen).

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E

Article Title: TGF-beta expression during rat pregnancy and activity on decidual cell survival

doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-20

Figure Lengend Snippet: TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3 expressions in rat endometrium during rat pregnancy. Total endometrial proteins were collected at different days of pregnancy. β-actin blots shown were used as controls to correct for loading in each lane. Blots shown are from one representative experiment. Graphics represent Western blot densitometrical analysis. Data represent the mean ± SEM of six independent experiments (six different rats). C+: positive control (day 14 endometrial protein extract).

Article Snippet: TGF-β1 (sc-146, lot # F262, 200 μg/ml), TGF-β2 (sc-90, lot # B202, 200 μg/ml) and TGF-β3 (sc-82, lot # A222, 200 μg/ml) polyclonal antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Positive Control

Journal: Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E

Article Title: TGF-beta expression during rat pregnancy and activity on decidual cell survival

doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-20

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemistry of TGF-β1 in rat endometrium during pregnancy. IHC shown are from one representative experiment and were repeated 6 times using 6 different uterine sections from 6 different rats per day of pregnancy. Representative days of pregnancy are presented (A: day 4; B: day 5.5; C: day 6.5; D: day 10; E: day 14; F: negative control in which primary antibody was absent). le: luminal epithelium; em: embryo; s: stroma. Magnification: 40×.

Article Snippet: TGF-β1 (sc-146, lot # F262, 200 μg/ml), TGF-β2 (sc-90, lot # B202, 200 μg/ml) and TGF-β3 (sc-82, lot # A222, 200 μg/ml) polyclonal antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Negative Control

Journal: Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E

Article Title: TGF-beta expression during rat pregnancy and activity on decidual cell survival

doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-20

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemistry of TGF-β3 in rat endometrium during pregnancy. IHC shown are from one representative experiment and were repeated 6 times using 6 different uterine sections from 6 different rats per of day pregnancy. Representative days of pregnancy are presented (A: day 4; B: day 5.5; C: day 6.5; D: day 10; E: day 14; F: negative control in which primary antibody was absent). le: luminal epithelium; em: embryo; s: stroma. Magnification: 40×.

Article Snippet: TGF-β1 (sc-146, lot # F262, 200 μg/ml), TGF-β2 (sc-90, lot # B202, 200 μg/ml) and TGF-β3 (sc-82, lot # A222, 200 μg/ml) polyclonal antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Negative Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Angiogenic gene characterization and vessel permeability of dermal microvascular endothelial cells isolated from burn hypertrophic scar

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16376-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primer sequences for genes used in confirmatory qRT-PCR.

Article Snippet: Concentrated protein was diluted 1:10 and used in ELISAs for transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) (MBS2703941, MyBiosource, San Diego, CA), interleukin-6 (IL6) (P26893, RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA), angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) (Q9BDY8, RayBiotech), angiogenin (ANG) (MBS456579, MyBiosource), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) (MBS262991, MyBiosource) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Angiogenic gene characterization and vessel permeability of dermal microvascular endothelial cells isolated from burn hypertrophic scar

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16376-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differences in expression of highly differentiated genes are confirmed with qRT-PCR. Animal 2 excisional HTS DMVECs and NS DMVECs gene expression measured by qRT-PCR for TIMP-3 ( A ), ET-1 ( B ), IL6 ( C ), ANGPT1 ( D ), TGFβ3 ( E ), ANG ( F ), FIGF ( G ), PGF ( H ), TFGβ2 ( I ), and MMP2 ( J ). p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**, p < 0.001***, p < 0.0001****.

Article Snippet: Concentrated protein was diluted 1:10 and used in ELISAs for transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) (MBS2703941, MyBiosource, San Diego, CA), interleukin-6 (IL6) (P26893, RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA), angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) (Q9BDY8, RayBiotech), angiogenin (ANG) (MBS456579, MyBiosource), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) (MBS262991, MyBiosource) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Gene Expression

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Angiogenic gene characterization and vessel permeability of dermal microvascular endothelial cells isolated from burn hypertrophic scar

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16376-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: DMVECs from HTS differentially regulate protein expression compared to NS DMVECs in accordance with differentially regulated gene expression. ELISA measured expression of select proteins from excisional HTS DMVECs and NS DMVECs. Expression of TGFβ3 ( A ), ET-1 ( B ), IL6 ( C ), ANGPT1 ( D ), and ANG ( E ). p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**, p < 0.001***, p < 0.0001****.

Article Snippet: Concentrated protein was diluted 1:10 and used in ELISAs for transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) (MBS2703941, MyBiosource, San Diego, CA), interleukin-6 (IL6) (P26893, RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA), angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) (Q9BDY8, RayBiotech), angiogenin (ANG) (MBS456579, MyBiosource), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) (MBS262991, MyBiosource) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay