Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Sulfated liposome-based artificial cell membrane glycocalyx nanodecoys for coronavirus inactivation by membrane fusion

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.021

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nanodecoy membrane fusion causes virus block. The cryo-TEM image of (A) SARS-CoV-2 or (B) SARS-CoV-2 incubated with 40S_Lip. The arrow pointing the spike protein. Scale bar: 50 nm. (C) The membrane fusion profile of the FRET lipid labeled nanodecoy 40S_Lip(FRET) incubated with no FRET lipid labeled nanodecoy 40S_Lip, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, or 40S_Lip and SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. (D) The MD simulation result of the spike protein incubated with 40S_Lip for 0, 0.12, and 2 ns. (E) The potential of mean force curves for 40S_Lip and S protein. (F) The CD spectrum of the native spike protein or when incubated with 40S_Lip. (G) The percentage of the detected free spike protein after incubation with heparin, 40S_Lip(Large), or 40S_Lip. (H) The percentage of the detected spike protein on the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus after incubation with heparin, 40S_Lip(Large), or 40S_Lip.

Article Snippet: The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 RBD ELISA kit was purchased from Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Membrane, Virus, Blocking Assay, Incubation, Labeling

Journal: Annals of Diagnostic Pathology

Article Title: The histologic and molecular correlates of liver disease in fatal COVID-19 including with alcohol use disorder ☆

doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Probes and antibodies used for the detection of SARS-CoV2 RNA and proteins and the concomitant host response.

Article Snippet: Specifically, 10 μg/mouse of Spike S1 (10–300; ProSci) and 3 μg/mouse of Spike S2 (10−303), which served as the negative control were tail vein injected.

Techniques:

Journal: Annals of Diagnostic Pathology

Article Title: The histologic and molecular correlates of liver disease in fatal COVID-19 including with alcohol use disorder ☆

doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histologic findings and detection of viral RNA/proteins in the liver in fatal COVID-19. Panels A/B show at low and high magnification, respectively, features typical of AUD in the liver/COVID-19 with a hematoxylin and eosin stain. Note the macrosteatosis, abundant Mallory bodies (rectangle) and hepatic stellate cells (oval). In comparison, panel C shows the histologic findings in a NASH/COVID-19 liver where steatosis without Mallory bodies is evident. Panel D shows the histology of another COVID-19 liver without NASH/AUD where lobular inflammation is evident (rectangle). Panel E shows the high copy number SARS-CoV2 RNA in the lung (brown signal); note that the liver from the same person showed only 1 viral RNA positive cell was seen in the entire section (arrow, panel F) (panel G, a viral negative COVID-19/non AUD liver). Panel H shows a Western blot of the lung protein extracts in which the COVID-19 cases show one to several bands when analyzed for the spike S1 and S2 subunit. Panel I: Only the COVID-19 lung samples, and not the liver or heart, showed a band of the expected size (50 kDa) when analyzed for the nucleocapsid protein. Panel J: Most of the COVID-19 liver samples showed a band when analyzed for the viral spike protein; samples 1 and 2 showed the strongest bands and were each AUD/COVID-19 cases. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Specifically, 10 μg/mouse of Spike S1 (10–300; ProSci) and 3 μg/mouse of Spike S2 (10−303), which served as the negative control were tail vein injected.

Techniques: H&E Stain, Comparison, Western Blot

Journal: Microbial cell factories

Article Title: Multiplex genetic manipulations in Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium sporogenes to secrete recombinant antigen proteins for oral-spore vaccination.

doi: 10.1186/s12934-024-02389-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5 Genetically manipulated clostridia secrete recombinant SARS-CoV-2-related antigens. The schema and strain lists for the secretion of full-length Spike_S1 (A) and bacterial adjuvant (CDP)-fused Spike_S1 (D) antigens in clostridia. Western blotting analysis of the expression of recombinant full-length Spike_S1 in C. butyricum (B) and C. sporogenes (C) and the expression of recombinant CDP-Spike_S1 in C. butyricum (E) and C. sporogenes-NT (F). P, purified SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein produced in HEK293 cells; S, culture supernatant; L, pellet lysate; M, PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder

Article Snippet: Additionally, 5 μL of PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder (26,616, Thermo Fisher) served as size standards, and for the Spike_S1 analysis, 50 ng of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein produced in HEK293 cells (HY-P7436, MedChemExpress) was included as the positive control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Adjuvant, Western Blot, Expressing, Purification, Produced

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE. ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (ZRS04, ZRS05 see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A; SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay, Emulsion

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (see ). Antigens tested see . Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; MP; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat). (see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG = CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). Antigens tested see . SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Neutralisation of ACE2 receptor SARS-CoV2 interaction; b. SARS-CoV2 in vitro viral neutralisation. ZRS = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange = vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04 = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). SWE = Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: In Vitro, Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange = vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04 = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). SWE = Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS05=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 5 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) and MERS (see ). ISO=isotonic formulation; Antigens tested see . SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Formulation, Emulsion