Journal: Tissue Engineering. Part A

Article Title: Poly(Thioketal Urethane) Autograft Extenders in an Intertransverse Process Model of Bone Formation

doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0223

Figure Lengend Snippet: Magnified images (40 × ) of histological sections of AG control (top row), PTKUR/AG (middle row), and PTKUR/CaP/AG (bottom row). (A) 40 × images in the plane of the processes (yellow box in the 2 × image) show collagen fibrils that are visible as bundles with their long axes aligned (yellow arrows), a pattern characteristic of lamellar bone structures. Evidence of new bone formation was also observed (*). (B) Similar cellular activity was observed in the interior of the ITP space far from the processes (orange box in the 2 × image). (C) 40 × images of PTKUR/AG in the plane of the processes (yellow box in the 2 × image) show evidence of aligned collagen fibrils (yellow arrows), new bone formation (*), residual polymer (P), and residual AG. (D) 40 × images of PTKUR/AG in the graft space far from the processes (orange box in the 2 × image) also show evidence of new bone formation (evidenced by the bone-forming cells lining the polymer, double arrows) and residual polymer, indicating that cells were able to infiltrate into the interior of PTKUR/AG. Residual AG embedded in polymer (P) are also observed. (E, F) 40 × images of PTKUR/CaP/AG (E) in the plane of the processes (yellow box) and (F) in the graft space (orange box) show evidence of aligned collagen fibrils, new bone, and residual polymer. Arrows, aligned collagen fibrils; *, new bone; P, residual polymer; AG, residual autograft. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea

Article Snippet: Quantitative measurement of infiltrating cells and residual PTKUR and CaP in the histological sections was performed using Metamorph software (Version 7.0.1).

Techniques: Control, Activity Assay, Polymer

Journal: Tissue Engineering. Part A

Article Title: Poly(Thioketal Urethane) Autograft Extenders in an Intertransverse Process Model of Bone Formation

doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0223

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro characterization of PTKUR/AG and PTKUR/CaP/AG. (A) Photographs of the dense implants and measured densities. (B) SEM images showing the presence of pores (white arrows) and CaP particles (black arrows). CaP, calcium phosphate; PTKUR, poly(thioketal urethane); SEM, scanning electron microscopy. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea

Article Snippet: Quantitative measurement of infiltrating cells and residual PTKUR and CaP in the histological sections was performed using Metamorph software (Version 7.0.1).

Techniques: In Vitro, Electron Microscopy

Journal: Tissue Engineering. Part A

Article Title: Poly(Thioketal Urethane) Autograft Extenders in an Intertransverse Process Model of Bone Formation

doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0223

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanical properties of PTKUR/AG and PTKUR/CaP/AG determined from quasistatic compression testing. (A) Representative stress–strain curves of PTKUR/AG and PTKUR/CaP/AG. Dotted and dashed lines represent the yield and ultimate points of PTKUR/CaP/AG, respectively. Area 1: Elastic zone. Area 2: Postyield zone. (B) Young's modulus. (C) Ultimate strength. (D) Yield strength. (E) Yield strain. (F) Modulus of resilience. *p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Quantitative measurement of infiltrating cells and residual PTKUR and CaP in the histological sections was performed using Metamorph software (Version 7.0.1).

Techniques:

Journal: Tissue Engineering. Part A

Article Title: Poly(Thioketal Urethane) Autograft Extenders in an Intertransverse Process Model of Bone Formation

doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0223

Figure Lengend Snippet: Images of histological sections of femoral segmental defects in rats at 4 weeks postimplantation showing areas of cellular activity (arrows) and new bone formation near edges of implanted AG. (A, B) AG extender at (A) 2 × and (B) 40 × magnification of the region indicated by the yellow box in (A). (C, D) AG control at (C) 2 × and (D) 40 × magnification of the region indicated by the yellow box in (C). (bone: red, cell nuclei: dark blue, PTKUR: teal). (E) Histomorphometric analysis of implants for area% residual AG and new bone, area% cells and matrix, and area% residual PTKUR. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea

Article Snippet: Quantitative measurement of infiltrating cells and residual PTKUR and CaP in the histological sections was performed using Metamorph software (Version 7.0.1).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Control

Journal: Tissue Engineering. Part A

Article Title: Poly(Thioketal Urethane) Autograft Extenders in an Intertransverse Process Model of Bone Formation

doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0223

Figure Lengend Snippet: Implantation of AG extenders. (A) Anatomical representation of graft (white arrow) placement from L5 to L6 (blue circle). Materials were implanted bilaterally. (B) Photographs of the AG Control, PTKUR/AG, and PTKUR/CaP/AG after surgical implantation. (C) Three-dimensional in vivo CT images of L5–L6 at 4 and 8 weeks postimplantation. Dorsal views show an increase in graft volume tissue in all groups. (D) Quantification of graft volume by CT. *p ≤ 0.01. CT, computed tomography. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea

Article Snippet: Quantitative measurement of infiltrating cells and residual PTKUR and CaP in the histological sections was performed using Metamorph software (Version 7.0.1).

Techniques: Control, In Vivo, Computed Tomography

Journal: Tissue Engineering. Part A

Article Title: Poly(Thioketal Urethane) Autograft Extenders in an Intertransverse Process Model of Bone Formation

doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0223

Figure Lengend Snippet: μCT images of spines cut down the spinal column. (A) Coronal sections of the AG control, PTKUR/AG, and PTKUR/CaP/AG. (Note: residual implant material is covering the superior lateral process.) (B) Serial sagittal sections of the AG control, PTKUR/AG, and PTKUR/CaP/AG taken from the end of the TP (pink line, left) to the VB (pink line, right) show new bone growing from the surfaces of the TPs in the space between the lateral processes (white arrows). Residual implant material is indicated by green arrows. μCT, microcomputed tomography; TP, transverse processes; VB, vertebral body. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea

Article Snippet: Quantitative measurement of infiltrating cells and residual PTKUR and CaP in the histological sections was performed using Metamorph software (Version 7.0.1).

Techniques: Control, Tomography

Journal: Tissue Engineering. Part A

Article Title: Poly(Thioketal Urethane) Autograft Extenders in an Intertransverse Process Model of Bone Formation

doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0223

Figure Lengend Snippet: Images of histological sections of the AG control, PTKUR/AG, and PTKUR/CaP/AG implanted on the L5–L6 lateral processes. (A) X-ray image detailing the histological sectioning procedure. Spines were cut in half along the spinal column. After embedding, sagittal serial sections were cut from the lateral most instance of the ITP mass until the process was reached. (B–G) Histological sections of L5–L6 in the sagittal plain showing the mass in the ITP space. (B, D, F) Sections stained with Sanderson's Rapid Bone Stain show evidence of new bone (red), cartilage-like tissue (purple), cell nuclei (dark blue), residual PTKUR (teal), and residual CaP (black). Single arrows show areas of ongoing mineralization of soft tissue and double arrows indicate new bone. (C, E, G) Unstained sections imaged under a fluorescent microscope show calcein green-labeled (green fluorescence) actively mineralizing tissue at 2 weeks and xylenol orange-labeled (orange fluorescence) actively mineralizing tissue at 6 weeks. (H) Histomorphometric analysis of implants for area% cells and matrix and area% residual PTKUR/CaP. ITP, intertransverse process. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea

Article Snippet: Quantitative measurement of infiltrating cells and residual PTKUR and CaP in the histological sections was performed using Metamorph software (Version 7.0.1).

Techniques: Control, Staining, Microscopy, Labeling, Fluorescence