Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Combination of Antiviral Drugs to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase and Exonuclease as Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics

doi: 10.1101/2021.07.21.453274

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structures of the prodrugs Sofosbuvir (a), Remdesivir (b), Favipiravir (c), Tenofovir disoproxil (d), Molnupiravir (e) and AT-527 (f) (top) and their respective active triphosphate forms Sofosbuvir-5’-triphosphate, Remdesivir-5’-triphosphate, Favipiravir-ribofuranosyl-5’-triphosphate (Favipiravir-RTP), Tenofovir diphosphate, N 4 -hydroxycytidine-5’-triphosphate (NHC-TP) and 2’-fluoro-2’-methyl guanosine-5’-triphosphate (AT-9010, G fm -TP) (bottom).

Article Snippet: Remdesivir triphosphate (RDV-TP) and NHC triphosphate were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ), Sofosbuvir triphosphate (SOF-TP) was purchased from Sierra Bioresearch (Tucson, AZ), Tenofovir diphosphate (Tfv-DP) was purchased from Alfa Chemistry (Ronkonkoma, NY), and Favipiravir triphosphate and AT-9010 were purchased from NuBlocks LLC (Oceanside, CA).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Combination of Antiviral Drugs to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase and Exonuclease as Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics

doi: 10.1101/2021.07.21.453274

Figure Lengend Snippet: A mixture of 400 nM RNAs (sequences shown at the top of the figure) and 50 nM SARS-CoV-2 pre-assembled exonuclease complex (nsp14/nsp10) were incubated in buffer solution at 37 °C for 15 min in the absence (b, e) and presence of 20 μM Pibrentasvir (c, f). The intact RNAs (a, d) and the products of the exonuclease reactions (b, c, e, f) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The signal intensity was normalized to the highest peak. The peak at 9776 Da corresponds to the intact RNA (9773 Da expected) and the peak at 9812 Da corresponds to the intact Remdesivir delayed RNA termination product (9797 Da expected). The small peak at 10158 Da corresponds to mismatched incorporation of an additional G; this is likely due to the low fidelity of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp . In the absence of Pibrentasvir, exonuclease activity caused nucleotide cleavage from the 3’-end of the RNA as shown by the lower molecular weight fragments corresponding to cleavage of 1–11 nucleotides (b, e). When 20 μM Pibrentasvir was added, exonuclease activity was reduced as shown by the reduced intensities of the fragmentation peaks and increased intact RNA peaks (c, f).

Article Snippet: Remdesivir triphosphate (RDV-TP) and NHC triphosphate were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ), Sofosbuvir triphosphate (SOF-TP) was purchased from Sierra Bioresearch (Tucson, AZ), Tenofovir diphosphate (Tfv-DP) was purchased from Alfa Chemistry (Ronkonkoma, NY), and Favipiravir triphosphate and AT-9010 were purchased from NuBlocks LLC (Oceanside, CA).

Techniques: Incubation, Activity Assay, Molecular Weight

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Combination of Antiviral Drugs to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase and Exonuclease as Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics

doi: 10.1101/2021.07.21.453274

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro pharmacological parameters of potency and efficacy of combinations of RdRp and HCV NS5A inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 replication in Calu-3 cells

Article Snippet: Remdesivir triphosphate (RDV-TP) and NHC triphosphate were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ), Sofosbuvir triphosphate (SOF-TP) was purchased from Sierra Bioresearch (Tucson, AZ), Tenofovir diphosphate (Tfv-DP) was purchased from Alfa Chemistry (Ronkonkoma, NY), and Favipiravir triphosphate and AT-9010 were purchased from NuBlocks LLC (Oceanside, CA).

Techniques: In Vitro

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Combination of Antiviral Drugs to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase and Exonuclease as Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics

doi: 10.1101/2021.07.21.453274

Figure Lengend Snippet: Calu-3 cells, at a density of 5 × 10 5 cells/well in 48-well plates, were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at a MOI of 0.1, for 1 h at 37 °C. An inoculum was removed and cells were washed and incubated with fresh DMEM containing 2% FBS and the indicated concentration of Remdesivir (RDV) (A), Sofosbuvir (B), Tenofovir (C), and Favipiravir (D), alone and in combination with the HCV NS5A inhibitors. Supernatants were assessed after 48–72 h. Viral replication in the culture supernatant was measured as PFU/mL by titering in VeroE6 cells. Results are displayed as virus titers. The data represent means ± SEM of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Remdesivir triphosphate (RDV-TP) and NHC triphosphate were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ), Sofosbuvir triphosphate (SOF-TP) was purchased from Sierra Bioresearch (Tucson, AZ), Tenofovir diphosphate (Tfv-DP) was purchased from Alfa Chemistry (Ronkonkoma, NY), and Favipiravir triphosphate and AT-9010 were purchased from NuBlocks LLC (Oceanside, CA).

Techniques: Infection, Incubation, Concentration Assay, Virus

Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes

Article Title: Amphiphilic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug remdesivir incorporates into the lipid bilayer and nerve terminal membranes influencing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission

doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183945

Figure Lengend Snippet: Remdesivir amphiphilicity study. a – Position and orientation of remdesivir in the model membrane. Snapshot from MD trajectory at 200 ns. Lipids are shown in space-fill representation while remdesivir molecules are rendered as balls and sticks and highlighted for clarity. The lipids, which obscure the remdesivir molecules are removed. The picture shows the central bilayer region of the simulated bicelle used for analysis. b – Density distributions of the lipid head groups and tails (left axis) and different chemical groups of remdesivir (right axis). The colors of selected chemical groups in remdesivir molecule (top right) correspond to the colors of the curved. Only the outer membrane leaflet is shown.

Article Snippet: EGTA, EDTA, HEPES, Ficoll 400, DMSO, Whatman GF/C filters, NO-711, FCCP, Sigma-Fluor® High Performance LSC Cocktail, the analytical grade salts were purchased from Sigma (USA); remdesivir were from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK); L-[ 14 C] glutamate and [ 3 H] GABA (γ-[2,3-3H(N)]-aminobutyric acid) were from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Membrane

Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes

Article Title: Amphiphilic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug remdesivir incorporates into the lipid bilayer and nerve terminal membranes influencing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission

doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183945

Figure Lengend Snippet: a – Current-time traces induced by the interaction of remdesivir with egg PC/cholesterol suspended planar bilayers (weight ratio of 2:1) and remdesivir-induced single pore conductances. Remdesivir was added to a final concentration of 100 μM. Membrane separated solution contained 100 mM KCl (pH 7.4). Currents were monitored under +100 mV (resulting current is shown above zero line) and −100 mV (resulting current is shown below zero line) applied on the side of BLM opposite to where the drug was introduced. Remdesivir-induced pore openings are shown as downward deflections observed at a holding potential of −100 mV. Solid line represents zero current. To diminish the effect of membrane capacity, a little extra time (1–2 s) was allowed before recording after application of each consecutive voltage pulse. To determine the selectivity of remdesivir-induced current, the symmetrical membrane-bathing solution of 100 mM KCl (pH 7.4) was then changed in the cis chamber (drug-addition side) for 10 mM KCl (pH 7.4). The record was paused for the time of washout and resumed later to monitor the shift of zero current potential. Inset: Remdesivir-induced pore openings are shown as upward deflections observed at a holding potential of +100 mV in symmetrical solution of 100 mM KCl (pH 7.4). Solid line represents zero current. b – Current-time traces exhibiting dependence of the insertion of remdesivir into egg PC/cholesterol suspended planar bilayers (weight ratio of 2:1) upon the sign of membrane potential.

Article Snippet: EGTA, EDTA, HEPES, Ficoll 400, DMSO, Whatman GF/C filters, NO-711, FCCP, Sigma-Fluor® High Performance LSC Cocktail, the analytical grade salts were purchased from Sigma (USA); remdesivir were from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK); L-[ 14 C] glutamate and [ 3 H] GABA (γ-[2,3-3H(N)]-aminobutyric acid) were from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Membrane

Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes

Article Title: Amphiphilic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug remdesivir incorporates into the lipid bilayer and nerve terminal membranes influencing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission

doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183945

Figure Lengend Snippet: FTIR-ATR spectra of functionally active (a) and functionally inert (b) synaptosomes in the control (without remdesivir) (a, b - red lines) and in the presence of remdesivir (a, b - green lines). a, b (black bottom lines) – difference in the synaptosome spectra (obtained by subtraction of the synaptosome spectra after incubation with remdesivir from the spectra of control synaptosomes without remdesivir). Functionally active synaptosomes were incubated at 37 °C for 5 min to restore their ion gradients . To register the FTIR-ATR spectra, 20 μl of the synaptosome suspension was applied to the ZnSe crystal of the Bio-ATR attachment. After that the sample was dried in the spectrometer sample compartment for 1 h in a stream of nitrogen. The spectra were registered until the OH band at 3400 cm −1 stopped changing and the sample was dried. After recording the spectra, the baseline was corrected and the absorption spectra were normalized.

Article Snippet: EGTA, EDTA, HEPES, Ficoll 400, DMSO, Whatman GF/C filters, NO-711, FCCP, Sigma-Fluor® High Performance LSC Cocktail, the analytical grade salts were purchased from Sigma (USA); remdesivir were from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK); L-[ 14 C] glutamate and [ 3 H] GABA (γ-[2,3-3H(N)]-aminobutyric acid) were from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Control, Incubation, Suspension

Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes

Article Title: Amphiphilic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug remdesivir incorporates into the lipid bilayer and nerve terminal membranes influencing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission

doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183945

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, b – Depolarization-induced Ca 2+ -dependent exocytotic release of L-[ 14 C]glutamate (a) and [ 3 H] GABA (b) from nerve terminals in the control and in the presence of remdesivir at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 μM. Data are the mean ± SEM. n.s., no significant differences; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001, as compared to the control; n = 12. c, d, e – The extracellular level of L-[ 14 C]glutamate (c) and [ 3 H]GABA (d) in the nerve terminal preparations; tonic leakage of [ 3 H] GABA from nerve terminals during blockage of GABA transporters by NO-711 (30 μM) (e) in the control and in the presence of remdesivir at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 μM. Data are the mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; n.s., no significant differences as compared to the control; n = 12. f – The initial rate of transporter-mediated uptake and accumulation of [ 3 H]GABA by nerve terminals in the presence of remdesivir at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 μM. Data are the mean ± SEM. **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 as compared to the control; n = 12.

Article Snippet: EGTA, EDTA, HEPES, Ficoll 400, DMSO, Whatman GF/C filters, NO-711, FCCP, Sigma-Fluor® High Performance LSC Cocktail, the analytical grade salts were purchased from Sigma (USA); remdesivir were from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK); L-[ 14 C] glutamate and [ 3 H] GABA (γ-[2,3-3H(N)]-aminobutyric acid) were from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes

Article Title: Amphiphilic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug remdesivir incorporates into the lipid bilayer and nerve terminal membranes influencing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission

doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183945

Figure Lengend Snippet: L-[ 14 C] glutamate uptake by nerve terminals in the presence of remdesivir.

Article Snippet: EGTA, EDTA, HEPES, Ficoll 400, DMSO, Whatman GF/C filters, NO-711, FCCP, Sigma-Fluor® High Performance LSC Cocktail, the analytical grade salts were purchased from Sigma (USA); remdesivir were from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK); L-[ 14 C] glutamate and [ 3 H] GABA (γ-[2,3-3H(N)]-aminobutyric acid) were from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes

Article Title: Amphiphilic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug remdesivir incorporates into the lipid bilayer and nerve terminal membranes influencing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission

doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183945

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, b – Transporter-mediated release of L-[ 14 C] glutamate (a) and [ 3 H] GABA (b) from nerve terminals stimulated by the membrane depolarization with 35 mM KCl in Ca 2+ -free media in the presence of remdesivir at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 μM. Data are the mean ± SEM. n.s., no significant differences; ***, p < 0.001, as compared to the control; n = 12. c, d – FCCP-induced transporter-mediated release of L-[ 14 C] glutamate (c) and [ 3 H] GABA (d) from nerve terminals in the presence of remdesivir (100 μM). Data are the mean ± SEM. n.s., no significant differences; ***, p < 0.001, as compared to the control; n = 12. e, f, g – Synaptic vesicle acidification in the presence of remdesivir at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 μM. e – The synaptosome suspension was equilibrated with 5 μM acridine orange, and when the steady level of the dye fluorescence was reached, DMSO or remdesivir (marked by arrow) were applied to synaptosomes. f – Calculation of changes in AO fluorescence in response to addition of DMSO or remdesivir. g – Calculation of changes in the spike of AO fluorescence in response to addition of 35 mM KCl during remdesivir administration. Data are mean ± SEM. ***, p < 0.001 as compared to the control; n = 12.

Article Snippet: EGTA, EDTA, HEPES, Ficoll 400, DMSO, Whatman GF/C filters, NO-711, FCCP, Sigma-Fluor® High Performance LSC Cocktail, the analytical grade salts were purchased from Sigma (USA); remdesivir were from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK); L-[ 14 C] glutamate and [ 3 H] GABA (γ-[2,3-3H(N)]-aminobutyric acid) were from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Membrane, Control, Suspension, Fluorescence

Journal: Cell

Article Title: TMEM106B is a receptor mediating ACE2-independent SARS-CoV-2 cell entry

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.005

Figure Lengend Snippet: TMEM106B-specific monoclonal antibodies block SARS-CoV-2 entry (A) NCI-H1975 cells pretreated with TMEM106B-specific antibodies at 20 μg/mL and infected with SARS-CoV-2 Belgium/GHB-03021/2020. Positive controls: remdesivir (Rem) and hamster anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum (αSARS2). Cell viability was determined by MTS assay after 3 days (n = 6 wells (infected; blue) or 4 wells (uninfected; red) from two experiments). (B) Heatmap representation of the viability of NCI-H1975 cells pretreated with different concentrations of TMEM106B-specific antibodies and infected with SARS-CoV-2 Belgium/GHB-03021/2020. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay after 3 days. (C) Correlation plot showing the ability of TMEM106B-specific antibodies to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection of NCI-H1975 cells at 2 μg/mL (y axis) and their ability to bind A549 cells overexpressing TMEM106B. Binding is expressed as the geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI) relative to a hIgG1 isotype control. r, Spearman correlation. Fit curve was calculated by linear regression. (D) NCI-H1975 cells pretreated with TMEM106B-specific antibodies or remdesivir and infected with SARS-CoV-2 Belgium/GHB-03021/2020 at MOI 10. Viral RNA in cells was measured by qPCR (n = 3 wells from one of two experiments with similar results). (E) NCI-H1975 cells pretreated with TMEM106B-specific antibodies or remdesivir and infected with SARS-CoV-2 Belgium/GHB-03021/2020, HCoV-229E, or RSV. Cells were stained with crystal violet after 4 days. (F) NCI-H1975 cells pretreated with anti-TMEM106B (Ab09) or remdesivir and infected with SARS-CoV-2 Belgium/GHB-03021/2020, HCoV-229E, or RSV. After 24 h, cells were stained for nucleocapsid (SARS-CoV-2), dsRNA (HCoV-229E), or F (RSV). Left: representative confocal images. Scale bars, 100 μm. Right: quantification (SARS-CoV-2: n = 8–12 wells from three experiments; HCoV-229E and RSV: n = 6–9 wells from two experiments). Dotted line: lower detection limit. (G) Monoclonal TMEM106B KO or wild-type (WT) NCI-H1975 cells transduced with luciferase ( Luc ) or TMEM106B cDNA and stained with Ab09. Intensities were quantified using ImageJ (n = 4 wells), and representative images are shown. Scale bars, 50 μm. (H) NCI-H1975 cells treated at different time points with Ab09, anti-SARS-CoV-2, E64d, or remdesivir. At 11 h post-infection, viral RNA in cells was measured by qPCR (n = 4 wells from two experiments). Data are normalized to infected untreated cells. Fit curves were calculated by robust regression. (A, D, F, and G) Data are represented as mean ± SEM. See also Figure S1 .

Article Snippet: Remdesivir , ACROS Organics , Cat# 469411000.

Techniques: Bioprocessing, Blocking Assay, Infection, MTS Assay, Binding Assay, Fluorescence, Control, Staining, Transduction, Luciferase

Journal: Cell

Article Title: TMEM106B is a receptor mediating ACE2-independent SARS-CoV-2 cell entry

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.005

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Remdesivir , ACROS Organics , Cat# 469411000.

Techniques: Virus, Recombinant, Transfection, Staining, Lysis, Proliferation Assay, Gene Expression, Expressing, Knock-Out, Plasmid Preparation, Construct, Software, Cell Analysis, Simple Western

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single-molecule assay reveals the impact of composition, RNA duplex, and inhibitors on the binding dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase complex

doi: 10.1101/2025.01.10.632212

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of the RNA synthesis assay. For clarity only a segment of the sequence of the heat-annealed RNA primer/template system used to monitor the RNA synthesis is shown. Numbers in superscript format indicate the nucleotide length of the template. Numbers in subscript format indicate the nucleotide length of the primer and the expected products. Downward arrows illustrate the addition of specific NTP mixes to the reaction mixtures, which allows the formation of primer extension products with defined length. Bold red , illustrates a radiolabeled UTP added to the reaction mixture, or incorporated radiolabeled UMP during primer extension, which effectively labels the reaction products and allows signal detection and quantification. Bold blue , illustrates the template position opposite which remdesivir may be incorporated. ( B ) Denaturing PAGE migration pattern of the products of RNA synthesis along the primer/template shown in panel A. Ø, indicates that only radiolabeled [α- 32 P]UTP was added to the reaction mixture. GTP, or GTP+CTP indicate that the radiolabeled [α- 32 P]UTP was supplemented with the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates. NTP, a mixture of ATP, CTP, and GTP. RDV-TP, tri-phosphorylated remdesivir. FTLP, full template-length product. Sequences of letters shown to the left of the gel illustrate the nucleotide-extended primers in the presence of specific NTP combinations added to the reaction mixtures as per panel A. Numbers associated with the letter sequences illustrate the nucleotide size of the extended primers. Percent numbers shown below the gel indicate the relative values of the quantified total signal in the corresponding lane, a measure of the extent of the RNA synthesis. Difference in the values corresponding to the same reaction conditions illustrate the quantification error associated with sample loading. 100%, illustrates the lane (i.e. the reaction condition) that was used as a reference for comparisons. ( C ) Percent of stable binding of varying ratios of separately expressed SARS-CoV-2 RdRp components as determined from SM-PIFE experiments.

Article Snippet: Remdesivir (active triphosphate metabolite GS-443902 trisodium) was purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Sequencing, Migration, Binding Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single-molecule assay reveals the impact of composition, RNA duplex, and inhibitors on the binding dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase complex

doi: 10.1101/2025.01.10.632212

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Structures of suramin and remdesivir triphosphate. ( B ) Percent of molecules that showed protein binding to RNA (PIFE) broken into unstable and stable bindings when nsp7/8/12 was incubated in the absence of inhibitors, with 10 μM remdesivir, and with 5 μM suramin; showing the ability of the assay to differentiate between different inhibitor classes.

Article Snippet: Remdesivir (active triphosphate metabolite GS-443902 trisodium) was purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Protein Binding, Incubation

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Identification of Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN 2 , a Cathepsin L Inhibitor with Broad-Spectrum Cell-Specific Activity against Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030717

Figure Lengend Snippet: EC 50 and CC 50 values ± SD and SI values of antiviral agents tested by cellular background and virus type.

Article Snippet: These compounds were PF-0083523 (intravenous M pro inhibitor; Pfizer, New York, NY, USA), nirmatrelvir/PF-07321332 (oral M pro inhibitor; Pfizer, New York, NY, USA), apilimod (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), K777 (BOC Sciences, New York, NY, USA), remdesivir (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), brefeldin A (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), and molnupiravir (Bio-Connect BV, Huissen, The Netherlands).

Techniques: Virus, Staining

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Identification of Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN 2 , a Cathepsin L Inhibitor with Broad-Spectrum Cell-Specific Activity against Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030717

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) TOA assay comparing the percentage inhibition of dsRNA formation in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells at 8 hpi by Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN 2 , remdesivir, PF-07321332 (nirmatrelvir), PF-00835231, K777, and apilimod added at 0, 2, and 4 hpi. In one of the runs, 2.5 µM of compound was used, whereas the other two runs used 5 µM of compound; both concentrations are known to result in ~100% inhibition of dsRNA in HeLa-hACE2 cells when added at 0 hpi. The mean values ± SD are shown from two independent experiments for Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN 2 , remdesivir, apilimod, and PF-00835231, and from three independent experiments for PF-07321332 and K777. The dotted horizontal lines represent the mean ±3 × SD of the virus control, indicative for the variation within the assay. ( B ) Microscopic images (20× objective) of representative wells treated with Z-Tyr-Ala-CHN 2 or PF-07321332 at the indicated time points post infection. The Phaedra HCI analysis software was used to calculate cell outlines (white lines) using the CellMask Deep Red staining (channel not shown) and the nuclear staining (Hoechst 33342; blue). The dsRNA signal is shown in green. In the untreated/virus control condition, an average of 30% of the cells were dsRNA positive at 8 hpi. hpi, hours post infection; TOA, time of addition.

Article Snippet: These compounds were PF-0083523 (intravenous M pro inhibitor; Pfizer, New York, NY, USA), nirmatrelvir/PF-07321332 (oral M pro inhibitor; Pfizer, New York, NY, USA), apilimod (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), K777 (BOC Sciences, New York, NY, USA), remdesivir (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), brefeldin A (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), and molnupiravir (Bio-Connect BV, Huissen, The Netherlands).

Techniques: Inhibition, Infection, Virus, Control, Software, Staining

Journal: Acta Medica Philippina

Article Title: Among Patients with COVID-19, should Remdesivir be Used for Treatment? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

doi: 10.47895/amp.vi0.7288

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of Recommendations from other Groups

Article Snippet: CenterWatch https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/ , remdesivir , 4 September 2022, 1500 , 20 , 2.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Acta Medica Philippina

Article Title: Among Patients with COVID-19, should Remdesivir be Used for Treatment? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

doi: 10.47895/amp.vi0.7288

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: CenterWatch https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/ , remdesivir , 4 September 2022, 1500 , 20 , 2.

Techniques:

Journal: Acta Medica Philippina

Article Title: Among Patients with COVID-19, should Remdesivir be Used for Treatment? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

doi: 10.47895/amp.vi0.7288

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: CenterWatch https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/ , remdesivir , 4 September 2022, 1500 , 20 , 2.

Techniques: Control, Infection

Journal: Acta Medica Philippina

Article Title: Among Patients with COVID-19, should Remdesivir be Used for Treatment? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

doi: 10.47895/amp.vi0.7288

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: CenterWatch https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/ , remdesivir , 4 September 2022, 1500 , 20 , 2.

Techniques:

Journal: Acta Medica Philippina

Article Title: Among Patients with COVID-19, should Remdesivir be Used for Treatment? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

doi: 10.47895/amp.vi0.7288

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: CenterWatch https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/ , remdesivir , 4 September 2022, 1500 , 20 , 2.

Techniques:

Journal: Acta Medica Philippina

Article Title: Among Patients with COVID-19, should Remdesivir be Used for Treatment? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

doi: 10.47895/amp.vi0.7288

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: CenterWatch https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/ , remdesivir , 4 September 2022, 1500 , 20 , 2.

Techniques: Infection, Formulation, Blocking Assay, Control, Activity Assay

Journal: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease

Article Title: Clinical, molecular, and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review

doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094

Figure Lengend Snippet: Drugs and targets in SARS-CoV-2. ⁎

Article Snippet: Remdesivir , RdRp, RNA dependent RNA polymerase , Ebola and Marburg viruses, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS , Inhibit viral replication , In vitro, in vivo , Abnormal liver tests, GI.

Techniques: Activity Assay, In Vitro, Infection, Reverse Transcription, Inhibition, In Vivo, Protease Inhibitor, Glycoproteomics, Virus, Blocking Assay, Injection, Membrane