Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Heat-Labile Enterotoxin-Induced PERK-CHOP Pathway Activation Causes Intestinal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00244

Figure Lengend Snippet: Strains and plasmids used in this study.

Article Snippet: PCR was used to amplify the genes encoding the enterotoxin subunits LT ( eltAB ), LT-A ( eltA ), LT-B ( eltB ), and STa1 (e stA1 ) from ETEC H10407 (Evans and Dupont, ), and the estB gene, which encodes STb, from ETEC TD2385 genomic DNA, using the primers ltAB-1/ltAB-2, ltA-1/ltAB2, ltAB-1/ltB-2, sta1-1/sta2, and stb-1/stb-2, respectively (Table ), via Xho I and Hind III restriction digestion.

Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Clone Assay, Mutagenesis

Journal: Biomaterials Research

Article Title: Bentonite-Based Functional Nanoclay Enhances Bacteriophage Therapy against Enteric Infections via Toxin Adsorption and Microbiome Recovery

doi: 10.34133/bmr.0310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activity and physiological characterization of bacteriophage EC.W2-6 against Escherichia coli H10407 . (A) Spot assay demonstrating lytic activity of EC.W2-6, with serial dilutions (10 −1 to 10 −6 ) applied to a bacterial lawn. (B) Adsorption kinetics at an MOI of 0.0001, showing 50% adsorption within 5 min and near-complete binding by 15 min. (C) One-step growth curve illustrating a latent period (~15 min), rise phase, and burst size of approximately 80 PFU/cell. (D) Thermal stability of EC.W2-6 following 1-h incubation at 4 to 80 °C, showing significant loss of infectivity above 60 °C. (E) pH stability of phage EC.W2-6 after 4-h exposure to pH 2 to 10, assessed in the absence (control) and presence of bentonite (1% to 8%). Maximal viability was maintained between pH 5 and 8. Bentonite notably improved phage viability under acidic conditions (especially pH 3 to 5), supporting its protective role in gastrointestinal environments. Data are shown as mean ± SD ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: To assess host range, the same procedure was applied to ETEC strains H10407 -P, PB176, E8775, and E9034/A, as well as the nonpathogenic reference strain ATCC 25922.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Spot Test, Adsorption, Binding Assay, Incubation, Infection, Control

Journal: Biomaterials Research

Article Title: Bentonite-Based Functional Nanoclay Enhances Bacteriophage Therapy against Enteric Infections via Toxin Adsorption and Microbiome Recovery

doi: 10.34133/bmr.0310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Adsorption and release of enterotoxins from E. coli H10407 by bentonite. (A) Adsorption efficiency of bentonite (5, 15, and 30 g) in reducing enterotoxin and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) levels from culture supernatants. (B) Recovery of enterotoxins from bentonite sediments following acidic glycine treatment (pH 2.5), showing a concentration-dependent release pattern. (C) Western blot analysis of heat-labile toxin (LT) released from bentonite. Lane M: protein marker; Lane 1: control without bentonite; Lanes 2 to 4: bentonite-treated samples (5, 15, and 30 g, respectively). Bands at 85 kDa (LT holotoxin), 27 kDa (A subunit), and 11 kDa (B subunit) confirm LT binding and release. Data are expressed as mean ± SD; P < 0.05 by Welch’s t test.

Article Snippet: To assess host range, the same procedure was applied to ETEC strains H10407 -P, PB176, E8775, and E9034/A, as well as the nonpathogenic reference strain ATCC 25922.

Techniques: Adsorption, Membrane, Concentration Assay, Western Blot, Marker, Control, Binding Assay

Journal: Biomaterials Research

Article Title: Bentonite-Based Functional Nanoclay Enhances Bacteriophage Therapy against Enteric Infections via Toxin Adsorption and Microbiome Recovery

doi: 10.34133/bmr.0310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival analysis following E. coli H10407 infection and therapeutic intervention in a murine model. (A) Determination of the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of E. coli H10407 . Mice ( n = 4/group) were orally administered varying doses (10 7 to 10 10 CFU/mouse) of E. coli H10407 . Survival was monitored for 7 days. The LD 50 was estimated at approximately 10 8 CFU/mouse. (B) Survival outcomes of infected mice following treatment. Mice ( n = 5/group) were infected with E. coli H10407 (10 8 CFU/mouse) and treated with 8% bentonite, phage EC.W2-6, and a combination of both. Control groups included PBS and infection-only mice. Survival was recorded daily for 7 days. Surviving animals were sacrificed on day 8 (10:00 AM) for intestinal sample collection and microbiome analysis.

Article Snippet: To assess host range, the same procedure was applied to ETEC strains H10407 -P, PB176, E8775, and E9034/A, as well as the nonpathogenic reference strain ATCC 25922.

Techniques: Infection, Control

Journal: Biomaterials Research

Article Title: Bentonite-Based Functional Nanoclay Enhances Bacteriophage Therapy against Enteric Infections via Toxin Adsorption and Microbiome Recovery

doi: 10.34133/bmr.0310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of therapeutic treatments on gut microbiota diversity and composition in ETEC-infected mice. (A to E) Alpha diversity indices across 5 treatment groups (PBS, H10407 , bentonite, EC.W2-6, and Combination) based on observed OTUs (A), ACE (B), Shannon (C), Simpson (D), and phylogenetic diversity (E). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance between groups was determined using pairwise Wilcoxon rank-sum tests ( P < 0.05). (F) The PCoA plot visualizes the overall distinct shifts between the 5 treatment groups. The clustering indicates a significant separation of the microbial communities, which was statistically confirmed by both PERMANOVA (pseudo- F = 6.220, P = 0.012) and the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis H test ( H = 11.40, P = 0.0224). PC1 and PC2 explain 79.72% and 19.87% of the total variation, respectively. (G) Overall differences in phylum community structure were assessed by PERMANOVA ( P = 0.001). Differences in individual phylum abundance were determined by the Kruskal–Wallis H test with subsequent Dunn’s post-hoc pairwise comparisons. All P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (FDR) method, with significance set at P adj < 0.05. An asterisk (*) placed next to a phylum name in the figure denotes that its relative abundance was significantly different across the treatment groups ( P adj < 0.05). (H) Heatmap showing the median relative abundance (%) of key bacterial families across the 5 experimental groups. An asterisk (*) indicates that the family showed significant overall differential abundance by the Kruskal–Wallis test (FDR-corrected, Q < 0.20).

Article Snippet: To assess host range, the same procedure was applied to ETEC strains H10407 -P, PB176, E8775, and E9034/A, as well as the nonpathogenic reference strain ATCC 25922.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: AMB Express

Article Title: Characterisation and antimicrobial activity of biosurfactant extracts produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a wastewater treatment plant

doi: 10.1186/s13568-017-0363-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activity of the biosurfactant extracts (1.00 mg mL −1 ) against a panel of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial isolates

Article Snippet: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (H10407) , ATCC , 17.7 ± 1.2 , 13 ± 0.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Inhibition