Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: PTTG1-DLX2 axis drives malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2026-1-0165

Figure Lengend Snippet: PTTG1 is highly expressed in tumor tissues. (A) Difference in expression of PTTG1 in tumor tissues and normal tissues in LUAD. (B) Difference in PTTG1 expression in LUAD tissues and paired normal samples. (C) Correlation between PTTG1 expression and N stage. (D) Correlation between PTTG1 expression and OS survival status. (E) Correlation of PTTG1 expression with DSS survival status. (F) Correlation of PTTG1 expression with pathological staging. (G) Diagnostic ROC curve of PTTG1 expression. (H-J) PTTG1 expression in cancer versus non-cancer tissues in the GSE63459 , GSE30219 , and GSE19188 cohorts. (K) Representative IHC images from the Human Protein Atlas database demonstrate PTTG1 protein expression in lung adenocarcinoma ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164611-PTTG1/cancer/lung+cancer#img ) and normal tissue ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164611-PTTG1/tissue/lung#img ). **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001. AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; DSS, disease-specific survival; IHC, immunohistochemical; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; N, node; OS, overall survival; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; TPM, transcript per million.

Article Snippet: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images of PTTG1 protein expression were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).

Techniques: Expressing, Diagnostic Assay, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: PTTG1-DLX2 axis drives malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2026-1-0165

Figure Lengend Snippet: High PTTG1 expression is associated with poor prognosis. (A-C) Survival curves of the effect of PTTG1 expression on overall survival, disease-specific survival, and progression-free survival of LUAD patients. (D-F) Survival curves of patients with pathologic staging T-stage, N-stage, and M-stage LUAD. (G) Survival curves for patients with PD/SD LUAD. (H-K) Survival curves of LUAD patients by gender, age, and whether they smoke. (L) Time-dependent ROC curves at 1, 3, and 5 years in the TCGA-LUAD cohort. (M-P) Survival curves for PTTG1 -expressing subgroups in the GSE30219 , GSE31210 , GSE5008 , and GSE37745 cohorts. AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; DSS, disease specific survival; FPR, false positive rate; HR, hazard ratio; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; M, metastasis; N, node; PSI, progress free interval; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1; T, tumor; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; TPR, true positive rate; os, overall survival.

Article Snippet: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images of PTTG1 protein expression were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: PTTG1-DLX2 axis drives malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2026-1-0165

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of PTTG1 -related enrichment pathways and immune cell infiltration. (A) Enrichment bar graph showing the results of enrichment analysis of 20 significantly enriched GO and KEGG pathways. (B) GSEA enrichment analysis of the PTTG1 low-expression group versus the high-expression group. (C) Heatmap showing the differences in immune cell infiltration between PTTG1 high and low expression groups assessed by multiple immune infiltration algorithms. (D) Correlation of PTTG1 with immune cells. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001; ns, not significant. BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; EPIC, Estimation of Proportions of Immune and Cancerous cell types; FDR, false discovery rate; GO, Gene Ontology; IPS, immunophenoscore; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MF, molecular function; NES, normalized enrichment score; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1; TIMER, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource.

Article Snippet: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images of PTTG1 protein expression were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: PTTG1-DLX2 axis drives malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2026-1-0165

Figure Lengend Snippet: PTTG1 KO functional phenotyping assay and RNA-seq. (A) WB verification of PTTG1 knockdown efficiency. (B) CCK-8 assay demonstrated the effect of PTTG1 knockdown on LUAD cell proliferation. (C) Colony formation assay demonstrated the effect of PTTG1 knockdown on LUAD cell proliferation (crystal violet staining). (D) Transwell assay demonstrated the effect of PTTG1 knockdown on LUAD cell migration (crystal violet staining). (E) Wound healing assay revealed the effect of PTTG1 knockdown on LUAD cell migration. (F) PCA analysis showed significant differences between the two groups. (G) Volcano plots showing the DEGs identified by DESeq2 differential analysis of PTTG1 WT and KO groups. (H,I) GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of PTTG1 -associated DEGs. ***, P<0.001. BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; ECM, extracellular matrix; GO, Gene Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; KO, knockout; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; MF, molecular function; OD, optical density; PCA, principal component analysis; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing; WB, western blot; WT, wild-type.

Article Snippet: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images of PTTG1 protein expression were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).

Techniques: Functional Assay, RNA Sequencing, Knockdown, CCK-8 Assay, Colony Assay, Staining, Transwell Assay, Migration, Wound Healing Assay, Cell Counting, Knock-Out, Western Blot

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: PTTG1-DLX2 axis drives malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2026-1-0165

Figure Lengend Snippet: Western blot detection of PTTG1 regulation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. (A-C) WB detection of the effects of PTTG1 knockdown or overexpression in A549 cells on the WNT/β-catenin pathway and apoptosis. (D,E) WB detection of the effects of PTTG1 knockdown or overexpression in H1299 cells on the WNT/β-catenin pathway and apoptosis. KO, knockout; NC, negative control; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1; WB, western blot; WT, wild-type.

Article Snippet: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images of PTTG1 protein expression were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).

Techniques: Western Blot, Knockdown, Over Expression, Knock-Out, Negative Control

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: PTTG1-DLX2 axis drives malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2026-1-0165

Figure Lengend Snippet: Screening of downstream targets for PTTG1. (A) Venn diagram of down-regulated genes in DEGs in TCGA-LUAD, RNA-seq of 872 down-regulated DEGs, and EMT-related genes intersecting genes. (B) Scatterplot of the correlation between PTTG1 and DLX2 expression in the TCGA-LUAD cohort. (C) Correlation scatter plot of PTTG1 with DLX2 expression in the GSE50081 cohort. (D,E) Changes in mRNA expression of PTTG1 and DLX2 in A549 and H1299 cells after knockdown of PTTG1 . (F) WB detection of protein levels of p-β-catenin, β-catenin, PTTG1, and DLX2. (G) CCK-8 assay to detect changes in the proliferative capacity of LUAD cells transfected with DLX2 siRNA and overexpressing PTTG1 . (H,I) PTTG1 significantly colocalizes with and interacts with DLX2 in lung adenocarcinoma cells. (J,K) The Co-IP experiments suggested that PTTG1 could interact with DLX2. **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001. CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation; DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DEG, differentially expressed gene; DLX2, distal-less homeobox 2; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; IgG, immunoglobulin G; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; mRNA, message RNA; NC, negative control; OD, optical density; OE, overexpression; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; TPM, transcript per million; WB, western blot.

Article Snippet: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images of PTTG1 protein expression were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Expressing, Knockdown, CCK-8 Assay, Transfection, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Cell Counting, Immunoprecipitation, Negative Control, Over Expression, Western Blot

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: PTTG1-DLX2 axis drives malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2026-1-0165

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional assays of PTTG1 overexpression and DLX2 knockdown. (A) Colony formation assay of LUAD cells transfected with DLX2 siRNA and overexpressing PTTG1 . (B,C) Wound healing assay to assess changes in migration ability of A549 and H1299 cells after interference with DLX2 and PTTG1 overexpression. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001. DLX2, distal-less homeobox 2; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; NC, negative control; OE, overexpression; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1.

Article Snippet: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images of PTTG1 protein expression were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Over Expression, Knockdown, Colony Assay, Transfection, Wound Healing Assay, Migration, Negative Control

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: PTTG1-DLX2 axis drives malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2026-1-0165

Figure Lengend Snippet: PTTG1 promotes the growth of LUAD cells in vivo . (A,B) Transwell migration and invasion assay to assess the changes in migration ability of A549 and H1299 cells after DLX2 interference and PTTG1 overexpression treatment (crystal violet staining). (C) Effect of PTTG1 knockdown on tumor growth in nude mice. (D) Effect of PTTG1 knockdown on tumor volume in nude mice. (E) Effect of PTTG1 knockdown on tumor weight in nude mice. (F) Western blot detection of the effect of PTTG1 knockdown on the protein expression of Ki-67, p-β-catenin, DLX2, and PTTG1 in tumor tissues. **, P<0.01, ***, P<0.001. DLX2, distal-less homeobox 2; KO, knockout; NC, negative control; OE, overexpression; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1; WT, wild-type.

Article Snippet: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images of PTTG1 protein expression were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).

Techniques: In Vivo, Migration, Invasion Assay, Over Expression, Staining, Knockdown, Western Blot, Expressing, Knock-Out, Negative Control