Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Pterostilbene attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury: integrative insights from network pharmacology, molecular dynamics, and experimental validation

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1747977

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemical structure of PTE and Venn analysis. (A) The 2D chemical structure of Pterostilbene (C 16 H 16 O 3 ), CAS number: 537-42-8. (B) Venn diagram representing the overlapping of PTE targets (blue) and LIRI targets (yellow). PTE: pterostilbene, 2D: two-dimensional, CAS: chemical abstracts service.

Article Snippet: Pterostilbene (PTE, HY-N0828), LY294002 (LY, HY-10108), and Anisomycin (Ani, HY-18982) were all purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE, United States), and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, D8371, Solarbio, China) before dilution to the desired concentrations for subsequent experiments.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Pterostilbene attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury: integrative insights from network pharmacology, molecular dynamics, and experimental validation

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1747977

Figure Lengend Snippet: PTE mitigates IR-induced lung injury in rats. (A) Representative images showing gross morphology, HE staining, MPO immunohistochemistry (IHC), and TUNEL staining of rat lungs following 1 h of left hilar clamping and 2 h of reperfusion. PTE was administered as a single intraperitoneal injection at the onset of reperfusion (30 mg/kg for the low-dose group, PTE-L; 60 mg/kg for the high-dose group, PTE-H). The Sham group underwent no hilar occlusion, whereas the IR group received an equivalent volume of saline. (B) Pulmonary edema after reperfusion was assessed by the lung W/D ratio. (C–E) Histopathological damage was quantitatively evaluated using lung injury score, the number of MPO-positive cells, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells. (F–I) Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in lung tissue homogenates were measured by ELISA. (J–M) Relative mRNA expression levels of EGFR, MAPK8, PIK3CB and SRC were determined by qRT-PCR. HE staining: scale bar = 100 μm; MPO staining: scale bar = 50 μm; TUNEL staining: scale bar = 100 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 6). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001, vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001, #### P < 0.0001, vs. IR group; n.s = non-significant. PTE: pterostilbene, IR: ischemia-reperfusion, W/D: wet to dry, HE: hematoxylin and eosin, MPO: myeloperoxidase, TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Article Snippet: Pterostilbene (PTE, HY-N0828), LY294002 (LY, HY-10108), and Anisomycin (Ani, HY-18982) were all purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE, United States), and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, D8371, Solarbio, China) before dilution to the desired concentrations for subsequent experiments.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry, TUNEL Assay, Injection, Saline, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Pterostilbene Confers Protection against Diquat-Induced Intestinal Damage with Potential Regulation of Redox Status and Ferroptosis in Broiler Chickens

doi: 10.1155/2023/8258354

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pterostilbene mitigates diquat-induced oxidative stress in plasma and jejunum: (a) plasma SOD activity; (b) plasma GPX activity; (c) plasma GSH level; (d) plasma H 2 O 2 level; (e) jejunal SOD activity; (f) jejunal GPX activity; (g) jejunal GSH level; (h) jejunal H 2 O 2 level; (i) jejunal GR activity; (j) jejunal TRXR activity. Data are shown as mean ± standard error, n = 6/group; ∗ P < 0.05 and ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Broilers in the CON-SS and CON-DQ groups accepted a basal diet while those in the PTS-SS and PTS-DQ groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg pterostilbene (purity ≥ 99%; #537-42-8; BOC Sciences, Shirley, NY, USA).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Activity Assay

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Pterostilbene Confers Protection against Diquat-Induced Intestinal Damage with Potential Regulation of Redox Status and Ferroptosis in Broiler Chickens

doi: 10.1155/2023/8258354

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of pterostilbene on intestinal permeability, jejunal apoptosis index, jejunal morphology and the expression of jejunal tight junction proteins in the diquat-challenged broilers. (a) Plasma DAO activity. (b) Plasma D-lactate level. (c) TUNEL analysis was used to identify the apoptotic cells in the jejunum. (d) The quantification of jejunal TUNEL-positive cells. (e) Jejunal villus height. (f) Jejunal crypt depth. (g) The ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum. (h–j) Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the protein expression of OCLN and ZO-1 in the jejunum. (k, l) qRT-PCR analysis was performed to detect the mRNA expression of OCLN and ZO-1 in the jejunum. Data are shown as mean ± standard error, n = 6/group; ∗ P < 0.05 and ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Broilers in the CON-SS and CON-DQ groups accepted a basal diet while those in the PTS-SS and PTS-DQ groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg pterostilbene (purity ≥ 99%; #537-42-8; BOC Sciences, Shirley, NY, USA).

Techniques: Permeability, Expressing, Clinical Proteomics, Activity Assay, TUNEL Assay, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Pterostilbene Confers Protection against Diquat-Induced Intestinal Damage with Potential Regulation of Redox Status and Ferroptosis in Broiler Chickens

doi: 10.1155/2023/8258354

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of pterostilbene on mitochondrial redox status and function in the jejunum of diquat-challenged broilers. (a) Mitochondrial ROS in the jejunum was measured by a fluorescence probe DHE. (b) Jejunal SOD2 activity. (c–f) The jejunal activities of mitochondrial complexes I, III, and IV and ATP synthase. (g) Jejunal ATP level. (h) Jejunal mtDNA content. (i) qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to detect the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis in the jejunum. Data are shown as mean ± standard error, n = 6/group; ∗ P < 0.05 and ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Broilers in the CON-SS and CON-DQ groups accepted a basal diet while those in the PTS-SS and PTS-DQ groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg pterostilbene (purity ≥ 99%; #537-42-8; BOC Sciences, Shirley, NY, USA).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Activity Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Pterostilbene Confers Protection against Diquat-Induced Intestinal Damage with Potential Regulation of Redox Status and Ferroptosis in Broiler Chickens

doi: 10.1155/2023/8258354

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pterostilbene suppresses jejunal ferroptosis of diquat-challenged broilers. (a) Jejunal iron content. (b) Jejunal MDA level. (c) Jejunal 4-HNE level. (d–h) Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the protein levels of GPX4, SLC7A11, FTH1, and ACSL4 in the jejunum. (i) qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to detect the expression of genes related to ferroptosis in the jejunum. Data are shown as mean ± standard error, n = 6/group; ∗ P < 0.05 and ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Broilers in the CON-SS and CON-DQ groups accepted a basal diet while those in the PTS-SS and PTS-DQ groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg pterostilbene (purity ≥ 99%; #537-42-8; BOC Sciences, Shirley, NY, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Pterostilbene Confers Protection against Diquat-Induced Intestinal Damage with Potential Regulation of Redox Status and Ferroptosis in Broiler Chickens

doi: 10.1155/2023/8258354

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pterostilbene activates NRF2 signals in the jejunum of diquat-challenged broilers. (a–d) Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the protein levels of nuclear NRF2, HO1, and SOD2 in the jejunum. (e) qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to detect the mRNA expression of NRF2 targets in the jejunum. Data are shown as mean ± standard error, n = 6/group; ∗ P < 0.05 and ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Broilers in the CON-SS and CON-DQ groups accepted a basal diet while those in the PTS-SS and PTS-DQ groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg pterostilbene (purity ≥ 99%; #537-42-8; BOC Sciences, Shirley, NY, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Oncology

Article Title: Upregulation of PD-L1 expression by resveratrol and piceatannol in breast and colorectal cancer cells occurs via HDAC3/p300-mediated NF-κB signaling

doi: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4512

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary polyphenols on programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in human breast and colon cancer cells. (A) Chemical structure of each of the polyphenols tested. (B) The Cal51 human breast cancer cell line and HCT116 colon cancer cell line, were cultured in vitro and treated with increasing concentrations of 5 polyphenols for 48 h, respectively, namely resveratrol (Res), piceatannol (Pic), pterostilbene (PTS), trimethylstilbene (TriMRes) and myricetin. Following treatment, the cells were harvested and stained for the surface expression of PD-L1 by flow cytometry. The geometric mean of mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of phytoerythrin (PE) area was used as the readout of PD-L1. The levels of PD-L1 were converted to a bar graph to represent the respective changes in PD-L1 expression following treatment. The parental condition (also referred to as DMSO-treated, or control cells). Statistical difference reflects the comparison of treated samples to the parental condition. The data shown were from n=3 independent experiments. * P<0.05.

Article Snippet: Pterostilbene and myricetin were from LKT Laboratories (St. Paul, MN, USA) and trimethoxy-resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′-trimethoxystilbene) was from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture, In Vitro, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Control, Comparison

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Estrogen Receptor-α36 Is Involved in Pterostilbene-Induced Apoptosis and Anti-Proliferation in In Vitro and In Vivo Breast Cancer

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104459

Figure Lengend Snippet: a . ER-α36 mRNA levels were measured in Mb231, Mb231/Si36, MCF-7, and MCF-7/ER36 cells using RT-PCR. b . The relative mRNA expressions are presented as the ratio of the OD of the corresponding mRNA bands compared to the OD of the β-actin bands. c . Western blots of ER-α36 and ER-α66 proteins in Mb231, Mb231/Si36, MCF-7, and MCF-7/ER36 cells using β-actin levels as the loading control. d . MTT assays measuring the cell proliferation of the two paired cells after control and pterostilbene treatments for 72 h. The relative cell numbers were normalized to those of their respective pterostilbene untreated controls (set as 100%). (Bars, SE. * p <0.05, ** p <0.01).

Article Snippet: Pterostilbene was obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).

Techniques: Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, Control

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Estrogen Receptor-α36 Is Involved in Pterostilbene-Induced Apoptosis and Anti-Proliferation in In Vitro and In Vivo Breast Cancer

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104459

Figure Lengend Snippet: a . Apoptosis induction in Mb231, Mb231/Si36, MCF-7, and MCF-7/ER36 cells treated with 30 µM pterostilbene for 72 h was analyzed through flow cytometry (X-Axis: Annexin V; Y-Axis: Propidium iodide, PI). The apoptosis rates are presented as both early and late apoptotic cells compared to total cells. b . Statistical analysis of FACS in ( a ). c . Caspase-3 expression in the two paired cells after control and 30 µM pterostilbene treatment for 72 h. (Means ± SE, ** p <0.01).

Article Snippet: Pterostilbene was obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Control

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Estrogen Receptor-α36 Is Involved in Pterostilbene-Induced Apoptosis and Anti-Proliferation in In Vitro and In Vivo Breast Cancer

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104459

Figure Lengend Snippet: a . Mb231, Mb231/Si36, MCF-7, and MCF-7/ER36 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of pterostilbene for 72 h. b Mb231, Mb231/Si36, MCF-7, and MCF-7/ER36 cells were treated with 30 µM pterostilbene for the indicated hours. Changes in p-ERK1/2 and p-Akt protein levels were analyzed through western blotting. The total ERK1/2 and Akt proteins were used as loading controls.

Article Snippet: Pterostilbene was obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Estrogen Receptor-α36 Is Involved in Pterostilbene-Induced Apoptosis and Anti-Proliferation in In Vitro and In Vivo Breast Cancer

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104459

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mb231/Si36 and Mb231 cells were injected into the left and right breast pad, respectively of 5 to 6 weeks old nude mice. When the tumors reached about 50 mm 3 size, the mice were randomly assigned into two groups (n = 3): vehicle control (Veh) and pterostilbene treatment (+Pter). a . Tumor volumes were measured once every two days. Red arrows indicate the timed of pterostilbene administration. b . Tumor weights were calculated and are shown as a plot with the median and whiskers from minimum to maximum. c . The representative images of tumors in each group are shown. d . Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the above tumors were subjected to H&E staining (X 40, left panels) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using the antibody against ER-α36 (X 100, right panels). (** p <0.01, NS: no significance).

Article Snippet: Pterostilbene was obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).

Techniques: Injection, Control, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Journal of Evidence-based Integrative Medicine

Article Title: A Short-Term Safety Evaluation of Silbinol ® - an Extract from Pterocarpus marsupium in Healthy Adults- a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

doi: 10.1177/2515690X231198312

Figure Lengend Snippet: A: Structure of pterostilbene B: HPLC profile of the Pterocarpus marsupium extract standardized for 90% pterostilbene.

Article Snippet: The Sami-Sabinsa Group provided, a standardized extract containing 90% pterostilbene (Silbinol®) ( ) from P. marsupium (PME) heartwood.

Techniques:

Journal: Life

Article Title: From Nature to Treatment: The Impact of Pterostilbene on Mitigating Retinal Ischemia–Reperfusion Damage by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/life14091148

Figure Lengend Snippet: Experimental structure.

Article Snippet: Pterostilbene (source of pterostilbene: Apollo Scientific, product code: BIP1700, purity: ≥97% (HPLC), form: white solid, synonyms: Pterocarpus marsupium, 3′,5′-dimethoxy-resveratrol, 3,5-dimethoxy-4′-hydroxystilbene, 4-[(1E)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenol, empirical formula: C 16 H 16 O 3 ) was administered at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day [ ], once daily, for a duration of five weeks.

Techniques: Western Blot, Control

Journal: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry

Article Title: Disparate Effects of Stilbenoid Polyphenols on Hypertrophic Cardiomyocytes In Vitro vs. in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rat

doi: 10.3390/molecules22020204

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of gnetol and pterostilbene on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and viability. ( A ) The ability of ET1 (0.1 µM; 24 h) to induce myocyte enlargement was abolished by lower concentrations of gnetol (1–10 µg/mL), whereas higher concentrations of gnetol (50–100 µg/mL) reduced cell size in the presence and absence of ET1. n = 3; 40–45 myocytes/group. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 vs. control (open bars); † p < 0.05 and ‡ p < 0.01 vs. ET1. The effects of gnetol and pterostilbene on cardiomyocyte viability were therefore determined using triton x-100 as a positive control of reduced cardiomyocyte viability; ( B ) Lower concentrations of gnetol (1, 5, and 10 µg/mL) exhibited no adverse effects on calcein fluorescence (an indicator of viable cardiomyocytes), whereas higher concentrations (50 and 100 µg/mL significantly decreased viability. n = 3–4. * p < 0.05 vs. control (open bars); ( C ) only 1 µg/mL of pterostilbene exhibited no adverse effects on viability, whereas higher concentrations (5, 10 and 50 µg/mL) significantly decreased calcein fluorescence. n = 3–4. * p < 0.05 vs. control (open bars); ( D ) A sub-maximal concentration of gnetol (5 µg/mL) blocked ET1-induced protein synthesis (measured as l -azidohomoalanine [AHA] incorporation), a second marker of hypertrophy. n = 3; * p < 0.05 vs. control (open bars); † p < 0.05 vs. ET1. The ability of ET1 (0.1 µM; 24 h) to induce; ( E ) myocyte enlargement and ( F ) protein synthesis (i.e., AHA incorporation) was abolished by pterostilbene (1 µg/mL). n = 3; 40–45 myocytes/group. * p < 0.05 vs. control (open bars); † p < 0.05 vs. ET1.

Article Snippet: S.M.T. (Employee-Sami Labs), K.N. (Employee-Sabinsa) and M.M. (Founder of Sami & Sabinsa) are associated with Sami & Sabinsa which manufacture and market pterostilbene- and gnetol- containing products and plant extracts.

Techniques: Control, Positive Control, Fluorescence, Concentration Assay, Marker

Journal: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry

Article Title: Disparate Effects of Stilbenoid Polyphenols on Hypertrophic Cardiomyocytes In Vitro vs. in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rat

doi: 10.3390/molecules22020204

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gnetol and pterostilbene increase AMPKα levels and/or phosphorylation. Gnetol (5 µg/mL) ( A ) did not significantly affect total AMPK levels, and yet ( B ) promoted activation of AMPKα as reflected by phosphorylation at Thr172. Pterostilbene (1 µg/mL) increased both ( C ) total AMPK levels and ( D ) AMPKα phosphorylation. n = 3–4. * p < 0.05 vs. control (open bars).

Article Snippet: S.M.T. (Employee-Sami Labs), K.N. (Employee-Sabinsa) and M.M. (Founder of Sami & Sabinsa) are associated with Sami & Sabinsa which manufacture and market pterostilbene- and gnetol- containing products and plant extracts.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Activation Assay, Control

Journal: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry

Article Title: Disparate Effects of Stilbenoid Polyphenols on Hypertrophic Cardiomyocytes In Vitro vs. in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rat

doi: 10.3390/molecules22020204

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemical disruption of AMPK signaling attenuates gnetol and pterostilbene effects. Myocytes pre-treated with vehicle or compound C, a chemical inhibitor of AMPK, for 1 h, then exposed to gnetol or pterostilbene for 1 h, followed by addition of ET-1 (0.1 µM) for 24 h. Upon addition, all compounds remained in the culture media for the remainder of the experiment. Compound C abolished the ability of ( A ) gnetol (5 µg/mL); and ( B ) pterostilbene (1 µg/mL) to inhibit ET1-induced myocyte enlargement. n = 3. * p < 0.05 vs. control (open bars); # p < 0.05 vs. ET1.

Article Snippet: S.M.T. (Employee-Sami Labs), K.N. (Employee-Sabinsa) and M.M. (Founder of Sami & Sabinsa) are associated with Sami & Sabinsa which manufacture and market pterostilbene- and gnetol- containing products and plant extracts.

Techniques: Disruption, Control

Journal: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry

Article Title: Disparate Effects of Stilbenoid Polyphenols on Hypertrophic Cardiomyocytes In Vitro vs. in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rat

doi: 10.3390/molecules22020204

Figure Lengend Snippet: shRNA knockdown AMPKα abolishes gnetol and pterostilbene effects. Following simultaneous knockdown of AMPKα 1 and AMPKα 2 , the catalytic subunits of AMPK, myocytes were exposed to gnetol or pterostilbene for 1 h, followed by addition of ET-1 (0.1 µM) for 24 h. Upon addition, all compounds remained in the culture media for the remainder of the experiment. AMPKα knockdown abrogated the ability of ( A ) gnetol (5 µg/mL); and ( B ) pterostilbene (1 µg/mL) to abolish ET1-induced myocyte enlargement. n = 3. * p <0.05 vs. control (open bars); # p < 0.05 vs. ET1.

Article Snippet: S.M.T. (Employee-Sami Labs), K.N. (Employee-Sabinsa) and M.M. (Founder of Sami & Sabinsa) are associated with Sami & Sabinsa which manufacture and market pterostilbene- and gnetol- containing products and plant extracts.

Techniques: shRNA, Knockdown, Control

Journal: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry

Article Title: Disparate Effects of Stilbenoid Polyphenols on Hypertrophic Cardiomyocytes In Vitro vs. in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rat

doi: 10.3390/molecules22020204

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stilbenoid treatment does not attenuate cardiac hypertrophy in the SHHF rat. Normalized ( A ) IVSs and ( B ) IVSd were increased in untreated SHHF (SHHF-C) compared to untreated SD (SD-C) rat hearts. 8-week treatment with resveratrol (R; 2.5 mg/kg/day), pterostilbene (P; 2.5 mg/kg/day), or gnetol (G; 2.5 mg/kg/day) did not affect normalized ( A ) IVSs and ( B ) IVSd in hearts from SD nor SHHF rats. n = 6–8. * p < 0.05 vs. SD-C hearts.

Article Snippet: S.M.T. (Employee-Sami Labs), K.N. (Employee-Sabinsa) and M.M. (Founder of Sami & Sabinsa) are associated with Sami & Sabinsa which manufacture and market pterostilbene- and gnetol- containing products and plant extracts.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry

Article Title: Disparate Effects of Stilbenoid Polyphenols on Hypertrophic Cardiomyocytes In Vitro vs. in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rat

doi: 10.3390/molecules22020204

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stilbenoid treatment improves diastolic function in the SHHF rat. Compared to hearts from untreated SD rats (SD-C), ( A ) IVRT was impaired (i.e., prolonged) in SHHF rats, whereas parameters of systolic function such as ( B ) ejection fraction (EF) and ( C ) fractional shortening remained normal. 8-week treatment with resveratrol (R; 2.5 mg/kg/day), pterostilbene (P; 2.5 mg/kg/day), or gnetol (G; 2.5 mg/kg/day) improved IVRT. n = 6–8. * p < 0.05 vs. SD-C hearts; ; # p < 0.05 vs. SHHF-C.

Article Snippet: S.M.T. (Employee-Sami Labs), K.N. (Employee-Sabinsa) and M.M. (Founder of Sami & Sabinsa) are associated with Sami & Sabinsa which manufacture and market pterostilbene- and gnetol- containing products and plant extracts.

Techniques: