Journal: Npj Biosensing

Article Title: Microfluidic nanomagnetically isolated neuron- and astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles to differentiate Lewy body and Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1038/s44328-026-00086-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Outline of study time-course and sample processing for EV isolation. Antemortem plasma samples with postmortem pathological confirmation of neurological diagnoses were processed to isolate cell-specific EVs using our mTENPO microfluidic platform, alongside plasma protein biomarkers using commercial digital ELISA, for patients with LBD ( n = 30), AD ( n = 31), AD/LBD ( n = 30), AD/ALB ( n = 19), and controls ( n = 27). B The mTENPO platform, illustrating the external magnet, inlet reservoir, outlet ports, and tubing connections to syringe pumps. Syringes are connected to the waste outlet for blocking, washing, and sample addition steps, and then replaced and switched to the lysate outlet before captured EVs are lysed on-chip. The inset shows a photo of the mTENPO chip with a quarter for scale. C Schematic of operation of the mTENPO platform for cell-specific EV isolation using antibody-labeled magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for GluR2+ (top) and GLAST+ (bottom) EV pulldowns. D Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of GluR2+ EVs immobilized on the edges of pores of the mTENPO device’s surface. E SEM images of GLAST+ EVs immobilized on the edges of pores of the mTENPO device’s surface. F Representative cropped western blot images showing protein expression of GluR2, GLAST, and EV-associated marker TSG101 using mTENPO-isolated GluR2+ or GLAST + EV lysates from n = 2 human plasma samples. Full-length western blot images are shown in Supplementary Fig. .

Article Snippet: Briefly, 500 μL of patient plasma was incubated for 20 min at a concentration of 1 μg/mL with either biotinylated GluR2 capture antibody (GluR1 + GluR2 polyclonal antibody, Bioss bs-10042R-Biotin) for neuron-derived EVs per our previous work or biotinylated GLAST capture antibody [GLAST (ACSA-1) antibody, anti-human/mouse/rat Biotin, Miltenyi Biotec, 130-118-984] for astrocyte-derived EVs, where the use of GLAST as a protein target for astrocyte EV isolation has been previously reported , – , .

Techniques: Isolation, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Blocking Assay, Labeling, Electron Microscopy, Western Blot, Expressing, Marker

Journal: Npj Biosensing

Article Title: Microfluidic nanomagnetically isolated neuron- and astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles to differentiate Lewy body and Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1038/s44328-026-00086-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Heatmap of z-score of log 2 (expression) for biomarkers with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR-corrected P value < 0.1. Subjects (columns) are hierarchically clustered within cohort and biomarkers within each compartment (rows) are sorted by descending fold-change. B Volcano plot demonstrating differential expression of GluR2+ EV miRNAs, GLAST + EV miRNAs, and plasma proteins. C Venn diagram showing overlap in FDR P value significant miRNAs ( P value < 0.1) between GluR2+ EVs and GLAST+ EVs. D Top 30 biomarkers in all compartments ranked by descending area under the curve (AUC). Error bars represent standard error from bootstrapping 10x.

Article Snippet: Briefly, 500 μL of patient plasma was incubated for 20 min at a concentration of 1 μg/mL with either biotinylated GluR2 capture antibody (GluR1 + GluR2 polyclonal antibody, Bioss bs-10042R-Biotin) for neuron-derived EVs per our previous work or biotinylated GLAST capture antibody [GLAST (ACSA-1) antibody, anti-human/mouse/rat Biotin, Miltenyi Biotec, 130-118-984] for astrocyte-derived EVs, where the use of GLAST as a protein target for astrocyte EV isolation has been previously reported , – , .

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative Proteomics, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Npj Biosensing

Article Title: Microfluidic nanomagnetically isolated neuron- and astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles to differentiate Lewy body and Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1038/s44328-026-00086-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed on differentially expressed miRNAs using DIANA miRPath v4.0 using the TarBase v8.0 database. FDR P values for identified GO terms and KEGG pathways were calculated using a one-sided Fisher’s exact test and considered significant at P value < 0.05. The top 10 (ranked by number of target genes) terms within each of the three GO categories (BP, CC, MF) and top 10 (ranked by number of target genes) KEGG pathways were identified for each pulldown. A Top 10 terms within each GO category for GluR2+ EV miRNAs. B Top 10 KEGG pathways for GluR2+ EV miRNAs. C Top 10 terms within each GO category for GLAST + EV miRNAs. D Top 10 KEGG pathways for GLAST + EV miRNAs. In all panels, each bar is labeled to the right with the number of differentially expressed miRNAs associated with the given GO term or KEGG pathway.

Article Snippet: Briefly, 500 μL of patient plasma was incubated for 20 min at a concentration of 1 μg/mL with either biotinylated GluR2 capture antibody (GluR1 + GluR2 polyclonal antibody, Bioss bs-10042R-Biotin) for neuron-derived EVs per our previous work or biotinylated GLAST capture antibody [GLAST (ACSA-1) antibody, anti-human/mouse/rat Biotin, Miltenyi Biotec, 130-118-984] for astrocyte-derived EVs, where the use of GLAST as a protein target for astrocyte EV isolation has been previously reported , – , .

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Npj Biosensing

Article Title: Microfluidic nanomagnetically isolated neuron- and astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles to differentiate Lewy body and Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1038/s44328-026-00086-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Heatmap of z-score of log 2 (expression) for LASSO-selected biomarkers. Subjects (columns) are hierarchically clustered within cohort and biomarkers within each compartment (rows) are sorted by descending AUC. B Kendall correlation staircase plots identifying the extent to which biomarker information was correlated between the LASSO-selected GluR2+ EV, GLAST + EV, and protein biomarkers. Biomarkers are sorted within compartments by AUC. The inset shows the correlation distribution of Kendall’s τ, where the dotted line represents the median count. C LASSO panel accuracy versus panel size for classifying LBD versus AD, shown in blue; accuracy is assessed through tenfold cross-validation, with error bars representing standard error from 5 repeats of panel training on the LBD vs AD patient groups. Average accuracy and standard error for control experiments performed by scrambling patient labels 10x are shown in orange. D LASSO panel AUC versus panel size for classifying LBD versus AD, shown in blue with error bars as described in ( C ). Average AUC and standard error for the same control experiments described in ( C ) are shown in orange. E AUCs for the 15-marker LASSO panel and individual LASSO biomarkers, sorted by descending AUC. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals, calculated from 5x repeats of tenfold cross-validation for the 15-marker panel or from bootstrapping 10x for individual markers.

Article Snippet: Briefly, 500 μL of patient plasma was incubated for 20 min at a concentration of 1 μg/mL with either biotinylated GluR2 capture antibody (GluR1 + GluR2 polyclonal antibody, Bioss bs-10042R-Biotin) for neuron-derived EVs per our previous work or biotinylated GLAST capture antibody [GLAST (ACSA-1) antibody, anti-human/mouse/rat Biotin, Miltenyi Biotec, 130-118-984] for astrocyte-derived EVs, where the use of GLAST as a protein target for astrocyte EV isolation has been previously reported , – , .

Techniques: Expressing, Biomarker Discovery, Control, Marker

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Diversity of aSyn pathology in synucleinopathies with (Ai) granular/ punctate cytoplasmic inclusions in the neurons; (Aii) classical LBs in the neuronal soma; (Aiii) LNs in the neuronal processes; (Aiv) astrocytic aSyn accumulations; (Av) oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions. These pathological structures show differences in their positivity to aggregation markers, including ubiquitin (Ub) and p62. Schematic created with BioRender.com (agreement no: QW23G6FJ76 ). (B) Cryo-EM three-dimensional reconstructions of the recombinant full-length aSyn PFFs to show the polymorphism of aSyn fibrils generated in vitro ( ; ). Four distinct polymorphs were identified based on the protofilament fold and inter-protofilament interfaces: Polymorph 1a ‘rod’ (PDB-6CU7, EMD-7618); polymorph 1b ‘twister’ (PDB-6CU8, EMD-7619); polymorph 2a (PDB-6SSX, EMD-10307); and polymorph 2b (PDB-6SST, EMD-10305). (C) aSyn PTMs identified in synucleinopathy brain tissues, which include acetylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, nitration and truncation across the whole sequence of the protein. (D) A schematic representation of the steps followed for the generation, characterisation, validation and application of the novel aSyn monoclonal mouse antibodies. These involved ( Di ) antibody design via the selection of immunogens comprising of aSyn recombinant proteins and peptides; ( Dii ) immunisation of the mice followed by lymphocyte-myeloma fusion; ( Diii ) screening of the hybridomas via ELISA, DB and WB, isotyping and subcloning, and ( Div ) acquisition of purified antibodies. These antibodies were then ( Dv ) characterised using a library of aSyn and bSyn recombinant proteins for their epitopes, conformational selectivity, sensitivity, specificity and reactivity via DB and WB. The antibody specificity was then further validated on ( Dvi ) aSyn KO mouse primary hippocampal and cortical neurons, and in aSyn KO mouse tissue of amygdala. ( Dvii ) The antibodies were validated on human brain tissues of different LB disorders. ( Dviii ) The mouse aSyn-reactive antibodies were applied to neuronal seeding model and PFF-injected mouse brain tissues to profile the newly formed aggregates. Schematic created with BioRender.com (agreement no: FN23G6E1SR ). aSyn = alpha-synuclein; bSyn = beta-synuclein; DB = dot blot; cryo-EM = cryogenic electron microscopy; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunoassay; KO = knockout; LB = Lewy body; LN = Lewy neurite; PFFs = pre-formed fibrils; PTM = post-translational modification; Ub = ubiquitin; WB = Western blot

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Cryo-EM Sample Prep, Recombinant, Generated, In Vitro, Phospho-proteomics, Nitration, Sequencing, Biomarker Discovery, Selection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Subcloning, Purification, Injection, Dot Blot, Electron Microscopy, Knock-Out, Modification, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation and epitope mapping of aSyn antibodies. (A) DB validation of the novel monoclonal, in-house polyclonal and commercially available aSyn antibodies against the N-terminal, non-amyloid component (NAC) and the C-terminal regions of aSyn for epitope mapping, specificity and species reactivity using a selected library of aSyn and bSyn recombinant proteins under native conditions. Protein loading control was run via Ponceau S staining. All loaded proteins represent human aSyn forms except for human bSyn and mouse aSyn full-length (m FL) proteins. Red arrows highlight the sensitivities of the antibodies to the presence of neighbouring aSyn PTMs. (B) A schematic to represent the novel monoclonal (marked with *), in-house polyclonal (marked with **) and pre-existing commercial aSyn antibodies (marked with ***) included in this study. The commercial antibodies developed jointly with Biolegend are marked with *°*. The epitope information of each antibody is indicated in blue. Schematic created with BioRender.com (agreement no: JR23G6G5LA ). (C) Validation of the aSyn PTM antibodies via DB screening. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; bSyn = beta-synuclein; DB = dot blot; FL = full-length; m = mouse; PTM = post-translational modification

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Recombinant, Control, Staining, Dot Blot, Modification

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation and epitope mapping of aSyn antibodies. WB validation of the novel monoclonal, in-house polyclonal and commercially available aSyn antibodies against the N-terminal, non-amyloid component (NAC) and the C-terminal regions of aSyn for epitope mapping, specificity and species reactivity using a selected library of aSyn recombinant proteins under denatured conditions. Protein loading control was run via re-blotting the membranes with complementary aSyn antibodies. All loaded proteins represent human alpha-synuclein (aSyn) forms except for human beta-synuclein (bSyn) and mouse aSyn full-length (m FL) proteins. Red arrows highlight the sensitivities of the antibodies to the presence of neighbouring aSyn PTMs. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; bSyn = beta-synuclein; FL = full-length; m = mouse; PTM = post-translational modification; WB = Western blot

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Recombinant, Control, Modification, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of the aSyn PTM antibodies via DB, WB and SPR using human recombinant aSyn standards. In-house and commercial aSyn PTM antibodies were validated by (A) WB screening. Further (B) DB and (C) WB analyses on 6A3-E9 showed that this antibody is specific to human aSyn truncated at residue 120. (D) SPR sensograms showed the binding responses of immobilised antibody 6A3-E9 against varying concentrations of aSyn human 1-120 (top) or aSyn human full-length (bottom). aSyn = alpha-synuclein; DB = dot blot; PTM = post-translational modification; SPR = surface plasmon resonance; WB = Western blot; WT = wild-type

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Recombinant, Residue, Binding Assay, Dot Blot, Modification, SPR Assay, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Amino acid sequences of aSyn, of its mouse orthologue and its protein homologues. (A) The amino acid sequence of aSyn human and its mouse orthologue. The residue differences between the two proteins are highlighted in red. (B) The synuclein family comprises three homologous proteins – alpha (aSyn), beta (bSyn) and gamma synuclein (gSyn). Only alpha-and beta-synuclein were included in this study. The sequence differences are highlighted in red.

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Sequencing, Residue

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Selectivity of aSyn antibodies over aSyn conformations. (A) Representative EM images of aSyn human WT monomers, oligomers and fibrils. (B) DB and WB characterisation of the novel monoclonal, in-house polyclonal and commercially available aSyn antibodies to determine their conformational selectivity using aSyn human WT recombinant monomers, oligomers and pre-formed fibrils. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; DB = dot blot; EM = electron microscopy; f = fibrils; m = monomers; o = oligomers; WB = Western blot; WT = wild-type

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Recombinant, Dot Blot, Electron Microscopy, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Specificity validation of non-modified aSyn antibodies on aSyn KO hippocampal and cortical neurons by ICC. PBS- and PFF-treated aSyn KO (A) hippocampal and (B) cortical neurons were immunostained to validate the specificity of the antibodies with epitopes against the N-terminus, NAC region and C-terminus of aSyn. Blue arrows indicate bSyn positivity in PBS-treated neurons, green arrows indicate positivity to aSyn mouse WT fibrils in PFF-treated neurons, and red arrows indicate non-specific background both in PBS- and PFF-treated neurons. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; bSyn = beta-synuclein; ICC= immunocytochemistry; KO = knockout; MAP2 = microtubule associated protein 2; PBS = phosphate buffered saline; PFF = pre-formed fibril; WT = wild-type

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Modification, Immunocytochemistry, Knock-Out, Saline

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Specificity validation of aSyn PTM antibodies on aSyn KO hippocampal and cortical neurons by ICC. PBS- and PFF-treated aSyn KO (A) hippocampal and (B) cortical neurons were immunostained to validate the specificity of the antibodies with epitopes against the PTMs of aSyn. Green arrows indicate positivity to aSyn mouse WT fibrils in PFF-treated neurons, and red arrows indicate non-specific background both in PBS- and PFF-treated neurons. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; bSyn = beta-synuclein; ICC = immunocytochemistry; KO = knockout; MAP2 = microtubule associated protein 2; PBS = phosphate buffered saline; PFF = pre-formed fibril; PTM = post-translational modification; WT = wild-type

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Immunocytochemistry, Knock-Out, Saline, Modification

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Specificity validation of aSyn antibodies on aSyn KO hippocampal and cortical neurons by WB. PBS- and PFF-treated aSyn KO hippocampal and cortical neurons were separated to soluble and insoluble fractions by sequential extraction, and stained using (A) non-modified and (B) aSyn PTM antibodies for specificity validation. Green arrows indicate bands specific to aSyn mouse WT fibrils, blue arrows indicate bSyn-specific bands, and red arrows indicate non-specific background. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; bSyn = beta-synuclein; KO = knockout; PBS = phosphate buffered saline; PFF = pre-formed fibril; PTM = post-translational modification; WB = Western blot; WT = wild-type

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Extraction, Staining, Modification, Knock-Out, Saline, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Specificity validation of aSyn antibodies on aSyn KO mouse brain tissue by IF. The in-house and commercial antibodies against (A) non-modified aSyn and (B) aSyn PTMs were screened for their specificity using aSyn KO mouse amygdala sections. Red arrows indicate non-specific background. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; IF = immunofluorescence; KO = knockout; PTM = post-translational modification

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Modification, Immunofluorescence, Knock-Out

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Application and validation of the aSyn antibodies on PD tissue. (A) The in-house monoclonal, polyclonal and commercial aSyn antibodies were optimised for IHC on the PD cingulate cortex. (B) Triple labelling of PD cingulate cortex by IF using an aSyn N-terminal (LASH-BL 34-45), a C-terminal (AB 134-138) and a pS129 (BL 81A-biotin) antibody. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; IF = immunofluorescence; IHC = immunohistochemistry; PD = Parkinson’s disease

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: IF labelling of PD cingulate cortex using the aSyn N-terminal LASH-EGTNter 1-20 or LASH-BL 34-45, aSyn C-terminal BL 4B12 103-108 or AB 134-138, and aSyn pS129 BL 81A-biotin antibodies. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; IF = immunofluorescence; IHC = immunohistochemistry; PD = Parkinson’s disease

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Specificity validation of the aSyn antibodies against C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylations on aSyn KO hippocampal and cortical neurons by ICC and WB. PBS- and PFF-treated aSyn KO (A) hippocampal and (B) cortical neurons were immunostained to validate the specificity of the Abcam antibodies with epitopes against aSyn pY125, pY133 and pY136. (C) PBS- and PFF-treated aSyn KO hippocampal and cortical neurons were separated to soluble and insoluble fractions by sequential extraction, and stained using Abcam pY125, pY133 and pY136 antibodies for specificity validation. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; ICC = immunocytochemistry; KO = knockout; MAP2 = microtubule associated protein 2; PBS = phosphate buffered saline; PFF = pre-formed fibril; WB = Western blot

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Extraction, Staining, Immunocytochemistry, Knock-Out, Saline, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: A selected panel of aSyn antibodies reveal the broad diversity of human pathology in the substantia nigra of LBDs. (A) An outline to show the epitopes of the aSyn antibody selection used for IHC studies on LBD tissues. Schematic created with BioRender.com (agreement no: NU23G6E7KK ). (B) Representative images from the substantia nigra of sporadic (PD, DLB) and familial ( SNCA H50Q) LBDs screened with the selection of aSyn non-modified and aSyn PTM antibodies. (C) Representative images from the cingulate cortex of sporadic (DLB) and familial ( SNCA G51D) LBDs screened with the selected aSyn PTM antibodies. aSyn = alpha-synuclein; DLB = dementia with Lewy bodies; IHC = immunohistochemistry; LBD = Lewy body disorder; PD = Parkinson’s disease; PTM = post-translational modification

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Selection, Modification, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Specificity validation of aSyn antibodies on post-mortem human tissues via IHC. The frontal cortices of PSP and CBD, and the hippocampi of AD, PiD and FTLD-TDP type C were stained using the selection of aSyn non-modified and PTM antibodies. No cross-reactivity was observed. Arrows indicate aSyn-positive structures detected on each tissue. AD = Alzheimer’s disease; aSyn = alpha-synuclein; CBD = corticobasal degeneration; ctx = cortex; FTLD-TDP/C = frontotemporal lobar degeneration of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 type C; hipp = hippocampus; IHC = immunohistochemistry; PiD = Pick’s disease; PSP = posterior supranuclear palsy

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Staining, Selection, Modification, Binding Assay, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases

doi: 10.1101/2022.05.26.493598

Figure Lengend Snippet: Application of the aSyn antibodies to the cellular and animal seeding models to profile the newly formed aSyn aggregates. WT hippocampal neurons were seeded with PFFs for 14 days, and the newly formed aggregates monitored by ICC using the mouse-reactive (A) non-modified aSyn and (B) aSyn PTM antibodies in parallel to aSyn pS129 antibodies BL 81A or AB MJF-R13. (C) The same type of screening was run in PFF-injected mouse amygdala tissues by IHC. The non-modified aSyn antibody signals overlapping with the aSyn pS129-positive aggregates are marked with an arrow. The punctate positivity shown by aSyn pY39, pY133 and pY136 antibodies in close proximity to aSyn pS129-positive aggregates are shown by arrowheads. Note the non-specific diffuse positivity revealed by the two monoclonal nY39 antibodies 5E1-G8 and 5E1-C10 in the WT hippocampal neurons are also revealed in the aSyn KO neurons using these two antibodies . aSyn = alpha-synuclein; ICC = immunocytochemistry; IHC – immunohistochemistry; KO = knockout; PFFs = pre-formed fibrils; PTM = post-translational modification; WT = wild-type

Article Snippet: We complemented our battery of antibodies against the aSyn PTMs with the previously generated in-house polyclonal antibodies against aSyn nY39 (LASH-EGT nY39), aSyn pY39 (LASH-EGT pY39), aSyn pS87 (LASH pS87), aSyn pY125 (LASH-EGT pY125), aSyn pS129 (LASH-EGT pS129), with the monoclonal aSyn pY39 antibody generated in collaboration with Biolegend (LASH-BL pY39) and with the commercially available aSyn pS129 antibody AB EP1536Y, which were also screened and validated in parallel to the novel monoclonal aSyn PTM antibodies.

Techniques: Modification, Injection, Immunocytochemistry, Immunohistochemistry, Knock-Out

Journal: Journal of Ovarian Research

Article Title: MSCs–derived EVs protect against chemotherapy-induced ovarian toxicity: role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis

doi: 10.1186/s13048-024-01545-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of MSCs-EVs, rapamycin, and quercetin on ( A ) phosphorylation of mTOR, PI3K, and AKT as detected by western blot analysis, ( B - D ) Intensity of immunoreactivity of selected proteins as quantified by densitometry. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. **significant vs. Control group at p<0.01, **** at p<0.0001, # significant vs. OF group at p<0.05, ## at p<0.01, ### at p<0.001, #### at p<0.0001, & significant vs. OF + Rapamycin group at p<0.05

Article Snippet: Next, the blots were incubated with the appropriate primary antibodies for an entire night at 4 °C, PTEN (E-AB-63495, Elabscience, USA), FOXO3 (NBP2-16521, Novus Biologicals USA), mTOR (sc-517464, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), Phospho-mTOR (sc-293133, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), PI3K (E-AB-64202, Elabscience, USA), Phospho-PI3K (E-AB-20966, Elabscience, USA), AKT (E-AB-15441, Elabscience, USA), Phospho-AKT (E-AB-20804, Elabscience, USA), β-actin (E-AB-20031, Elabscience, USA).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Western Blot, Control

Journal: 3 Biotech

Article Title: Gandouling protects against hepatic fibrosis in Wilson disease through the lncRNA-SNHG7/miR-29b/DNMT3A pathway

doi: 10.1007/s13205-026-04769-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDL inhibits autophagic activity in LX-2 cells. A Western blotting analysis of Beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I, and p62 expression ( n = 3). GAPDH was used as a loading control. Data are presented as means ± SD. ## p < 0.01 vs. control group; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. CuSO 4 group. B Representative fluorescent images of cells following mCherry-GFP-LC3 adenovirus infection (Scale bar: 10 μm). In the merged image, yellow spots indicate autophagosomes, while red spots indicate autophagic lysosomes. The degree of autophagic flux can be seen by the number of different color spots

Article Snippet: The membranes were then incubated overnight with antibodies against DNMT3A (Bioss, Item No. bs-23029R, 1:2000, Rabbit, 1:1000, Rabbit), p-DNMT3A (Bioss, Item No. bs-14399R, 1:2000, Rabbit), α-SMA (Bioss, Item No. Bsm-33187 M, 1:2000, Mouse; No. bs-0189R, 1:1000, Rabbit), Collagen I (Bioss, Item No. bs-7158R, 1:1000, Rabbit; No. AB260043 , 1:1000, Rabbit), Beclin-1 (Abcam, Item No. ab210498, 1:2000, Rabbit; No. ab62472, 1:1000, Rabbit), LC3B (CST, Item No. 3868s, 1:1000, Rabbit; No. 43566 S, 1:1000, Rabbit), and p62 (Bioss, Item No. bs-2951R, 1:1000, Rabbit) at 4°C with gentle shaking.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Infection

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Hydrogen Mitigated Doxorubicin-Induced Liver Injury via Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway Activation

doi: 10.3390/ijms27062774

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hydrogen activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to attenuate liver injury in DOX mice. ( A , B ) Nfe2l2 and Hmox1 gene expression in liver tissue (n = 3). ( C – E ) IHC staining and statistics of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein (scale bar = 100 µm, n = 3). ( F – I ) Expression and statistics of Keap1, Nrf2, and HO-1 protein levels measured by Western blot (n = 4). The results are presented as the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05 vs. Con group. # p < 0.05 vs. DOX group.

Article Snippet: Antibodies: Bcl-2 ( GB153375 , Servicebio, Wuhan, China), Bax (GB11007, Servicebio, Wuhan, China), Caspase 3 (#14220, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), MDA (ab243066, Abcam, Cincinnati, OH, USA), 4-HNE ( ARG23717 , Arigo Biolaboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan), IL-6 (DF6087, Affinity, Cincinnati, OH, USA), NLRP3 (BA3677, Boster, Wuhan, China), Nrf2 ( GB115673 , Servicebio, Wuhan, China), HO-1 (GB12104, Servicebio, Wuhan, China), Keap1 (bs-4900R, BIOSS, Shanghai, China), and α-Tubulin (GB11200, Servicebio, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Hydrogen Mitigated Doxorubicin-Induced Liver Injury via Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway Activation

doi: 10.3390/ijms27062774

Figure Lengend Snippet: The schematic diagram of hydrogen protection against DOX-induced liver injury. DOX has been observed to provoke biochemical alterations and pathological abnormalities in the liver. Specifically, DOX facilitates the generation of ROS and promotes mitochondria-dependent cell apoptosis. Additionally, DOX impedes the reduction in the expression of Keap1 and Nrf2, thereby inhibiting the downstream antioxidant signaling pathways of Nrf2, including HO-1, CAT, and T-SOD. Concurrently, it enhances the expression of lipid peroxidation products such as MDA and 4-HNE. Furthermore, DOX instigates inflammatory processes and augments the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, hydrogen exerts a protective effect on DOX-induced liver dysfunction by modulating Nrf2, which mitigates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

Article Snippet: Antibodies: Bcl-2 ( GB153375 , Servicebio, Wuhan, China), Bax (GB11007, Servicebio, Wuhan, China), Caspase 3 (#14220, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), MDA (ab243066, Abcam, Cincinnati, OH, USA), 4-HNE ( ARG23717 , Arigo Biolaboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan), IL-6 (DF6087, Affinity, Cincinnati, OH, USA), NLRP3 (BA3677, Boster, Wuhan, China), Nrf2 ( GB115673 , Servicebio, Wuhan, China), HO-1 (GB12104, Servicebio, Wuhan, China), Keap1 (bs-4900R, BIOSS, Shanghai, China), and α-Tubulin (GB11200, Servicebio, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Protein-Protein interactions