pmod software version 3.8 Search Results


mutation type tma endonuclease v  (New England Biolabs)
97
New England Biolabs mutation type tma endonuclease v
Mutation Type Tma Endonuclease V, supplied by New England Biolabs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/Endonuclease+V/us07977055-691-95-89
Average 97 stars, based on 1 article reviews
mutation type tma endonuclease v - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
97/100 stars
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pmod v.3.38  (PMOD Technologies)
90
PMOD Technologies pmod v.3.38
Pmod V.3.38, supplied by PMOD Technologies, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/pmod+version+3+7/pmc07198382__jnm232934SupplementalData-77-7-9
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
pmod v.3.38 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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microinjections pacap  (Echelon Biosciences)
93
Echelon Biosciences microinjections pacap
<t>PACAP</t> mimics molecular actions of leptin in the VMN. (Top) Western blot image (left) and its graphical representation (right) from VMN punches 30 minutes post PACAP <t>treatment</t> <t>(50pmol/0.25μl/side)</t> show significant PACAP-induced stimulation of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) compared to vehicle. Pretreatment with PACAP6–38 (500pmol/0.25μl/side) reversed PACAP-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. In VMN punches, (bottom, left) BDNF and (bottom, right) SOCS3 mRNA were elevated following microinjection of PACAP or leptin. These increases were blocked with pretreatment with PACAP6–38. Data are presented ± SEM. * = P < 0.05
Microinjections Pacap, supplied by Echelon Biosciences, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/PACAP+(1-38)%2C+ovine%2C+human/pmc06895395-63-0-6
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
microinjections pacap - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
93/100 stars
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pacap 6–38  (AnaSpec)
90
AnaSpec pacap 6–38
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
Pacap 6–38, supplied by AnaSpec, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/biotinylated+pacap38/pmc06895395-118-11-17
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
pacap 6–38 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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plasma β endorphin ria  (ALPCO)
93
ALPCO plasma β endorphin ria
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
Plasma β Endorphin Ria, supplied by ALPCO, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/Cortisol+Radioimmunoassay/pmc04039319-117-47-50
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
plasma β endorphin ria - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
93/100 stars
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pe 15 0 15 0  (Croda International Plc)
94
Croda International Plc pe 15 0 15 0
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
Pe 15 0 15 0, supplied by Croda International Plc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/15%3A0+PE/10__1161_slash_circulationaha__113__002500-388-38-50
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
pe 15 0 15 0 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
94/100 stars
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adaptor  (Danaher Inc)
96
Danaher Inc adaptor
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
Adaptor, supplied by Danaher Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/Adapters/pmc10358283-317-8-28
Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
adaptor - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
96/100 stars
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pacap(6–38)  (Auspep Pty)
90
Auspep Pty pacap(6–38)
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
Pacap(6–38), supplied by Auspep Pty, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/pacap+6+38+/pmc06602029-95-30-36
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
pacap(6–38) - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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endothelin-1 et-1  (Auspep Pty)
90
Auspep Pty endothelin-1 et-1
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
Endothelin 1 Et 1, supplied by Auspep Pty, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/endothelin+1/pm40081787-49-15-19
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
endothelin-1 et-1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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cse  (Kaneka Corp)
86
Kaneka Corp cse
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
Cse, supplied by Kaneka Corp, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/cse/pm41175867-948-31-46
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
cse - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
86/100 stars
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1 2 caprylin 3 linolein  (Larodan)
95
Larodan 1 2 caprylin 3 linolein
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
1 2 Caprylin 3 Linolein, supplied by Larodan, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/1%2C2-Dioleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphatidylglycerol+Na+salt/pmc03668217-186-31-37
Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
1 2 caprylin 3 linolein - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
95/100 stars
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pmd2 g  (Addgene inc)
92
Addgene inc pmd2 g
Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).
Pmd2 G, supplied by Addgene inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/pmod+software+version+3%2E8/Dscaml1-Fc-His+(Plasmid+%2372072)/pm31884787-186-20-25
Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
pmd2 g - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
92/100 stars
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Image Search Results


PACAP mimics molecular actions of leptin in the VMN. (Top) Western blot image (left) and its graphical representation (right) from VMN punches 30 minutes post PACAP treatment (50pmol/0.25μl/side) show significant PACAP-induced stimulation of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) compared to vehicle. Pretreatment with PACAP6–38 (500pmol/0.25μl/side) reversed PACAP-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. In VMN punches, (bottom, left) BDNF and (bottom, right) SOCS3 mRNA were elevated following microinjection of PACAP or leptin. These increases were blocked with pretreatment with PACAP6–38. Data are presented ± SEM. * = P < 0.05

Journal: Neuroendocrinology

Article Title: Acute blockade of PACAP-dependent activity in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus disrupts leptin-induced behavioral and molecular changes in rats.

doi: 10.1159/000501337

Figure Lengend Snippet: PACAP mimics molecular actions of leptin in the VMN. (Top) Western blot image (left) and its graphical representation (right) from VMN punches 30 minutes post PACAP treatment (50pmol/0.25μl/side) show significant PACAP-induced stimulation of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) compared to vehicle. Pretreatment with PACAP6–38 (500pmol/0.25μl/side) reversed PACAP-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. In VMN punches, (bottom, left) BDNF and (bottom, right) SOCS3 mRNA were elevated following microinjection of PACAP or leptin. These increases were blocked with pretreatment with PACAP6–38. Data are presented ± SEM. * = P < 0.05

Article Snippet: Microinjections PACAP (50 pmol/0.25μl per side; California Peptide Research, Napa, CA), PACAP 6–38 (500 pmol/0.25μl per side; Anaspec, Fremont, CA), leptin (0.025 μg/0.25μl per side; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) or vehicle (saline) were microinjected into the VMN over a two-minute period in gently-restrained awake animals.

Techniques: Western Blot

Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).

Journal: Neuroendocrinology

Article Title: Acute blockade of PACAP-dependent activity in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus disrupts leptin-induced behavioral and molecular changes in rats.

doi: 10.1159/000501337

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ex vivo slice electrophysiology was used to determine the role of PAC1R signaling on action potential (AP) frequency in the VMN. A) Application of 100nM PACAP (blue) in slice increases AP firing of neurons in the VMN (n= 8, N= 5) compared to baseline firing in ACSF (black). Representative trace of VMN AP firing (right) during bath application of ACSF (top) and following bath application of PACAP (bottom). * P<0.05 PACAP compared to ACSF. B) Prior and concomitant application of PACAP6–38 (6–38, gray filled) blocked the effects on AP firing induced by PACAP (6–38/PACAP, blue filled) (n=6, N=3). Representative traces of AP firing in the presence of PACAP6–38 (ACSF+6–38, top) and PACAP6–38 along with PACAP (6–38+PACAP, bottom). C) Percent change of firing produced by PACAP in the presence of ACSF (data from panel A) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel B). D) Application of 100nM leptin (red) did not alter overall AP firing compared to baseline ACSF (n= 11, N= 5). D) Cells exhibiting a baseline AP frequency below the overall mean (Low) showed a significant increase in firing (left), whereas VMN cells showing a baseline AP frequency above the mean (High) showed a trend towards reduced firing (right). Representative traces (right) from Low and High cells in ACSF (top, black) and leptin (bottom, red). ** P<0.01 leptin compared to ACSF. F) Bath application of PACAP6–38 blocked the effects on AP firing induced by leptin (n= 6, N= 4). Representative traces of AP firing in PACAP6–38 + ACSF (top, gray filled) and PACAP6–38 + leptin (bottom, red filled). G) Percent change of firing produced by leptin in the presence of ACSF (data from panel D) and in the presence of PACAP6–38 (data from panel F).

Article Snippet: Microinjections PACAP (50 pmol/0.25μl per side; California Peptide Research, Napa, CA), PACAP 6–38 (500 pmol/0.25μl per side; Anaspec, Fremont, CA), leptin (0.025 μg/0.25μl per side; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) or vehicle (saline) were microinjected into the VMN over a two-minute period in gently-restrained awake animals.

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Produced