Journal: Cell Reports Methods

Article Title: RECOVER identifies synergistic drug combinations in vitro through sequential model optimization

doi: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100599

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Pentamidine isethionate , MedChem Express , HY-B0537B.

Techniques: Software, Recombinant

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Repurposing the quinoline antibiotic nitroxoline to treat infections caused by the brain-eating amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris

doi: 10.1101/331785

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Workflow for high-throughput screening of clinically-approved compounds for in vitro activity against B. mandrillaris . A primary screen of 2,177 clinically-approved compounds yielded 30 hits meeting the percent inhibition and B-score criteria, of which only 13 candidates were available for oral or IV administration . Secondary screening identified only one novel lead compound, nitroxoline, which displayed high selectivity for inhibition of B. mandrillaris viability (Table S1C). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) experiments show that 11 of 12 nitroxoline analogs tested with potential metal binding domains remain active against B. mandrillaris , suggesting that metal binding plays a role in the mechanism of inhibition by nitroxoline . Comparison of nitroxoline to three drugs recommended by the CDC for treatment of B. mandrillaris CNS infections (pentamidine isethionate, miltefosine, and azithromycin) indicates that nitroxoline is the most potent and specific inhibitor of B. mandrillaris of the compounds tested ( , and ). (B) Plot of percent inhibition relative to untreated controls and B-score measured for each compound in a library of 2,177 clinically-approved compounds. Raw data used to calculate these values is compiled in Table S1A. Drugs recommended by the CDC for treatment of GAE are highlighted in blue. Drugs that are classified as antiseptic, topical, and/or have not been used in humans are shown in yellow. The quinoline antibiotic nitroxoline, which was the top hit identified in this screen, is highlighted in red.

Article Snippet: Stocks of azithromycin (Selleck Chemicals), pentamidine isethionate (Selleck Chemicals), and miltefosine (Selleck Chemicals) were dissolved in water at 10 mM.

Techniques: High Throughput Screening Assay, In Vitro, Activity Assay, Inhibition, Binding Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Repurposing the quinoline antibiotic nitroxoline to treat infections caused by the brain-eating amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris

doi: 10.1101/331785

Figure Lengend Snippet: Potency and selectivity for inhibition of B. mandrillaris viability by nitroxoline, pentamidine isethionate, miltefosine, and azithromycin. (A) Dose-response curves show the effect of nitroxoline (red), pentamidine isethionate (black), miltefosine (blue), and azithromycin (grey) on the viability of B. mandrillaris trophozoite populations following 72 hours of treatment. Data points are means and standard errors of at least three independent biological replicates. Nitroxoline is the most potent inhibitor of B. mandrillaris viability with an IC 50 of 2.84 μM. (B) Heat map showing the Log 10 selectivity index (human cell CC 50 / B. mandrillaris IC 50 ) for nitroxoline, pentamidine, isethionate, miltefosine, and azithromycin calculated from the ratio of human cell CC 50 to B. mandrillaris IC 50 . Nitroxoline exhibited the greatest mean Log 10 selectivity index at 0.832 and was the only drug with a positive Log 10 selectivity index comparing B. mandrillaris inhibition to all cell lines tested.

Article Snippet: Stocks of azithromycin (Selleck Chemicals), pentamidine isethionate (Selleck Chemicals), and miltefosine (Selleck Chemicals) were dissolved in water at 10 mM.

Techniques: Inhibition

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Repurposing the quinoline antibiotic nitroxoline to treat infections caused by the brain-eating amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris

doi: 10.1101/331785

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relationship of drug treatment to B. mandrillaris encystment. (A-D) Changes in the number of trophozoites (blue) and cysts (red) in B. mandrillaris populations following 72 hours of treatment with various concentrations of nitroxoline (A), pentamidine isethionate (B), miltefosine (C), and azithromycin (D). Low micromolar doses of nitroxoline and pentamidine isethionate cause an increase in the total number of cysts observed in B. mandrillaris populations and an increase in the ratio of cysts to trophozoites. No increase in encystment is observed in B. mandrillaris populations treated with miltefosine or azithromycin. (E) Dose-response curve showing the effect of nitroxoline (red), pentamidine isethionate (black), miltefosine (blue), and azithromycin (grey) on the viability of pre-formed B. mandrillaris cysts. Nitroxoline is the most potent inhibitor of cysts with an IC 50 of 15.48 μM. Compared to trophozoites , cysts are substantially less sensitive to all drugs except for miltefosine, which had a similar IC 50 for inhibition of both B. mandrillaris forms.

Article Snippet: Stocks of azithromycin (Selleck Chemicals), pentamidine isethionate (Selleck Chemicals), and miltefosine (Selleck Chemicals) were dissolved in water at 10 mM.

Techniques: Inhibition

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Heat map of the checkerboards between pentamidine and linezolid against the 10 CRE clinical strains: 3 K. pneumoniae (a–c), 4 E. coli (d, e, i, and j), and 3 E. cloacae (f–h). Dark regions represent higher cell densities. Red boxes indicate the selected combination concentrations of linezolid and pentamidine when they showed synergistic activity. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) shown in each isolate is calculated either according to the MIC of the linezolid and pentamidine combination or alone, as indicated in the red boxes. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Assessment of the safety of the studied drugs and their concentrations. (A) The cytotoxicity effects of pentamidine, linezolid, pentamidine-linezolid pairs with different concentrations, and 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were tested against the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method (absorbance values at 450 nm). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation from five biological replicates. ns, not statistically significant; **, P < 0.01. (B) Hemolytic activities of pentamidine with different concentrations. A hemolysis rate of lower than 5% was considered to have no hemolytic activity. All of the hemolysis rates of the experimental groups were lower than 3% (marked with a dotted line). (C) The in vivo toxicity effects of pentamidine, linezolid, and pentamidine-linezolid pairs with different concentrations were further confirmed in G. mellonella . The critical line of LD 50 is marked with a dotted line. Drug concentrations in bold indicate that there was the death of larvae within 7 days, whereas the others in regular type indicate a lack of death. All of the tested drug concentrations (32 to 512 mg/L pentamidine and 32 to 512 mg/L linezolid alone or in combination) were lower than the LD 50 value. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: Cell Counting, CCK-8 Assay, Standard Deviation, Activity Assay, In Vivo

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-kill kinetics of pentamidine monotherapy, linezolid monotherapy, and combination therapy against six randomly selected clinical CRE strains: two K. pneumoniae (a and b), two E. coli (c and d), and two E. cloacae (e and f). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation from three biological replicates. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biofilm formation inhibition for pentamidine in combination with linezolid against six clinical CRE strains: two K. pneumoniae (a and d), two E. coli (b and e), and two E. cloacae (c and f). The combination concentrations showing FICI < 0.5 and their corresponding single-agent concentrations against each strain were accordingly selected from the checkerboard assay (red boxes in Fig. 1 ) as the experimental groups, whereas the control groups were without drug treatments. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation from four biological replicates. ns, not statistically significant; *, P < 0.05, as analyzed via a Student’s t test. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: Inhibition, Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: SEM images of biofilms of three clinical CRE strains, namely, K. pneumoniae FK7921 (a), E. coli DC7143 (b), and E. cloacae CG1779 (c), treated with or without pentamidine, linezolid, or both. The synergistic combination concentrations and the corresponding, respective single-agent concentrations, as per the checkerboard experiment (red boxes in Fig. 1 ), were selected as the experimental groups, whereas the control groups were without drug treatments. 3 images were acquired from the same field of the same group, with 2,000×, 3,500×, and 7,000× magnifications. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Eradication of preformed biofilms for pentamidine in combination with linezolid against six clinical CRE strains: two K. pneumoniae (a and d), two E. coli (b and e), and two E. cloacae (c and f). 2×, 4×, and 8× of the combination concentrations showing FICI < 0.5 and their corresponding single-agent concentrations against each strain, as per the checkerboard assay (red boxes in Fig. 1 ), were accordingly selected as the experimental groups, whereas the control groups were without drug treatments. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation from four biological replicates. ns, not statistically significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001, as analyzed via a Student’s t test. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: CFU analysis of the viable bacteria counts of the biofilms. Biofilms that are inhibitory under the pentamidine/linezolid combination or alone (1× MIC) in K. pneumoniae FK7921 (A), E. coli DC7143 (B), and E. cloacae CG1779 (C). Eradication of preformed biofilms with the treatment of a pentamidine/linezolid combination (2×, 4×, 8× MIC) or alone (8× MIC) in K. pneumoniae FK7921 (D), E. coli DC7143 (E), and E. cloacae CG1779 (F). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation from four biological replicates. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001, as analyzed via a Mann-Whitney test. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: Bacteria, Standard Deviation, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic effects in vivo of a pentamidine-linezolid combination in the G. mellonella infection model. The differences in the survival rates of G. mellonella (10 larvae in each group) that were infected with 1.5 × 10 5 CFU of 3 representative CRE isolates, namely, K. pneumoniae FK7921 (A), E. coli DC7143 (B), and E. cloacae CG1779 (C), within 168 h, with treatments of pentamidine and linezolid in combination or alone (red boxes in Fig. 1 ), were analyzed via a Kaplan-Meier analysis and a log-rank test. The NS groups represent the control conditions without any treatment but with the same volume of normal saline. No death of G. mellonella in the blank control groups (without infection but only NS injected) guaranteed the health and vitality of G. mellonella , with no human-induced injuries to it. ns, not statistically significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: In Vivo, Infection, Control, Saline, Injection

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: The in vivo efficacy of the pentamidine-linezolid combination in the mouse infection model. Log 10 CFU/g (thigh) in mice at 24 h posttreatment of monotherapy or combination therapy against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae FK 7921 (A), E. coli DC7143 (B), and E. cloacae CG1779 (C) were quantified. Each point represents the mean of 3 repeat values for 1 thigh of 1 mouse ( n = 6). **, P < 0.01. The statistical significance was analyzed via a Mann-Whitney test. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: In Vivo, Infection, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: When Combined with Pentamidine, Originally Ineffective Linezolid Becomes Active in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03138-22

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanisms for the synergy of pentamidine and linezolid. (a) N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN) uptake assay, measuring the outer membrane permeability of FK7921 with the treatment of pentamidine, linezolid, and pentamidine-linezolid pairs with different concentrations. The well-documented outer membrane inhibitors colistin, SDS, and Triton X-100 were used as positive controls. The fluorescence intensity increased with the increasing concentration of pentamidine, indicating that pentamidine increased the outer membrane permeability in a dose-dependent manner. (b) Bacterial intracellular alkaline phosphatase (i, ii, iii) and β-1,4-galactanase (i′, ii′, iii′) leakage experiments. The absorbance values correspond to the amount of enzyme released extracellularly. There were no differences in the amount of enzyme released between the drug treatment and the drug-free control groups. (c) The fluorescence probe 3,3-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (DiSC 3 (5)) detects the membrane potential of K. pneumoniae FK7921. The fluorescence intensity of DiSC 3 (5) in the culture medium was monitored to measure the effect on the bacterial membrane potential of different concentrations of pentamidine and linezolid in monotherapy or pentamidine and linezolid in combination with sub-MIC colistin (0.125 mg/L) as a positive control. The more pronounced the effect of the drug in reducing the membrane potential, the higher the fluorescence value of DiSC 3 (5). (d) Intracellular accumulation of acridine orange (AO) in K. pneumoniae FK7921 treated with different concentrations of pentamidine and linezolid in monotherapy or pentamidine and linezolid in combination. AO is a recognized substrate of the bacterial efflux pump. With the inhibition or loss of the function of the bacterial efflux pump, AO penetrates the bacterium and binds to its DNA, thereby producing fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity of the intracellular AO represents the extent of the damage to the efflux pump. (e) The expression of the efflux pump gene acrA , which reflexes the effects of drugs on the efflux pump, was determined via qPCR in K. pneumoniae FK7921 treated with different concentrations of pentamidine and linezolid in monotherapy or pentamidine and linezolid in combination. Pentamidine significantly reduced the gene expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. (f) 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) detecting the ROS of K. pneumoniae FK7921. The standard efflux pump inhibitor CCCP was used as a positive control (panels D, E and F). ns, not statistically significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001, as analyzed via a Student’s t test. PNT, pentamidine; LNZ, linezolid.

Article Snippet: Pentamidine (MedChemExpress Co., Ltd., USA) was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (final concentration of DMSO ≤2.5% [vol/vol]) ( ).

Techniques: Membrane, Permeability, Fluorescence, Concentration Assay, Control, Positive Control, Inhibition, Expressing, Gene Expression

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: S100B Mitigates Cytoskeletal and Mitochondrial Alterations in a Glial Cell Model of Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay

doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05057-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of S100B modulation on nestin accumulation and mitochondrial morphology in C6 Sacs−/− cells. a Immunocytochemistry images showing nestin distribution (green), mitochondrial network (magenta) and nucleus (blue) after transfection with siRNA control or against S100B; after 48 h incubation with pentamidine (0.5 µM) and after incubation with exogenous S100B (30 µM). Scale bar – 20 µm. b Representative western blot showing inhibition of S100B with siRNA and decrease in nestin levels of expression. c Densitometric analysis of western blots normalized to GAPDH levels. Fold-change representation of S100B and Nestin comparing to C6 Sacs−/− cells transfected with siRNA control ( p -values = 0.0010 and 0.0284, respectively; unpaired t-test, n = 5). d Graphical representation of the percentage of cells with nestin accumulation. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; unpaired student’s t-test: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. e, f Quantitative analysis of nestin area (µm 2 ) and nestin tangle circularity, respectively, following S100B inhibition with siRNA (752 cells) or 0.5 µM pentamidine (1422 cells) or exposure to 30 µM of exogenous S100B (1055 cells). siRNA control (628 cells) was used for comparison with siRNA S100B and non-treated C6 Sacs−/− cells (2117 cells) were used as control for pentamidine and exogenous S100B. Data were obtained from at least 3 independent experiments and are shown as mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001. g, h Quantitative analysis of mitochondria aspect ratio and total branch length per area (1/µm), respectively following S100B inhibition with siRNA (736 cells) or 0.5 µM pentamidine (428 cells) or exposure to 30 µM of exogenous S100B (398 cells). siRNA control (498 cells) was used for comparison with siRNA S100B and non-treated C6 Sacs−/− cells (636 cells) were used as control for pentamidine and exogenous S100B. Data were collected from at least 3 independent experiments. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001

Article Snippet: Pentamidine isethionate salt was also purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc (Dallas, TX, USA).

Techniques: Immunocytochemistry, Transfection, Control, Incubation, Western Blot, Inhibition, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: S100B Mitigates Cytoskeletal and Mitochondrial Alterations in a Glial Cell Model of Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay

doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05057-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pharmacological inhibition of S100B activity influences mitochondrial homeostasis and function. a Number of mitochondria per cell comparing C6 (483 cells), C6 Sacs−/− (636 cells) and C6 Sacs−/− treated with pentamidine (428 cells). Data are shown as mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test: **** P < 0.0001. b-f Transcript levels of DRP1, MFN2, OPA1, TFAM and LDH in C6 and C6 Sacs−/− incubated with pentamidine or the vehicle (DMSO 0.1% v/v). Data are represented as mean ± SEM ( n = 4–10 independent experiments), normalized versus reference C6 cells. Statistical analysis was performed through one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test: * P < 0.05. g LDH activity in the same experimental groups. Data are represented as mean ± SEM of 7 independent experiments, normalized versus reference C6 cells. h ATP levels are represented as mean ± SEM of 5 independent experiments, normalized versus reference C6 cells. Statistical analysis was performed through one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test:**** p < 0.0001. i Graphical representation of ratio between JC-1 aggregates (FL2—585/42 nm) and JC-1 monomers (FL1—530/30 nm). Data are represented as mean ± SEM ( n = 4 independent experiments), Statistical analysis was performed through one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test:* p < 0.05

Article Snippet: Pentamidine isethionate salt was also purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc (Dallas, TX, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Activity Assay, Incubation

Journal:

Article Title: Environmental Isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris Associated with a Case of Amebic Encephalitis

doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3175-3180.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Efficacy of selected antimicrobials tested against three isolates of B. mandrillaris a

Article Snippet: The following antimicrobials were tested at final concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 μg/ml: amphotericin B (Fungizone; Sigma), azithromycin (Zithromax; Pfizer), fluconazole (Diflucan; Pfizer), flucytosine (Sigma), pentamidine isethionate (May & Baker, Ltd.), and sulfadiazine (Sigma).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Drug reformulation for a neglected disease. The NANOHAT project to develop a safer more effective sleeping sickness drug

doi: 10.1101/573329

Figure Lengend Snippet: We screened approximately 30 pentamidine/Pluronic ® formulations during this project using a rational, iterative approach. The three milestones were intended to ensure that the most appropriate formulations, on the basis of in silico and in vitro data, were taken forward to the in vivo pharmacokinetic studies and that the formulations with the greatest likelihood of success would be tested in the whole animal efficacy studies as outlined in the progression strategy.

Article Snippet: Samples, including the test formulation added to the apical chamber at t=0 were analysed at Cyprotex using UPLC-MS-MS method to quantify the pentamidine isethionate content or were analysed for radioactivity using a Tricarb 2900TR liquid scintillation counter.

Techniques: In Silico, In Vitro, In Vivo

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Drug reformulation for a neglected disease. The NANOHAT project to develop a safer more effective sleeping sickness drug

doi: 10.1101/573329

Figure Lengend Snippet: Each point represents an n of 3. 4mg/kg pentamidine ± 0.025% F68 i.v. Values ± SD.

Article Snippet: Samples, including the test formulation added to the apical chamber at t=0 were analysed at Cyprotex using UPLC-MS-MS method to quantify the pentamidine isethionate content or were analysed for radioactivity using a Tricarb 2900TR liquid scintillation counter.

Techniques: