Journal: BMC Biology

Article Title: Anemonefish use sialic acid metabolism as Trojan horse to avoid giant sea anemone stinging

doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02144-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sialic acid levels in lab and wild caught pomacentridae showing less Neu5Ac in symbiotic species. A Neu5Ac and Kdn levels (expressed in ng/100 µg of protein) in lab reared fish (held without sea anemone): five symbiotic anemonefish species ( Amphiprion biaculeatus , A. clarkii , A. frenatus , A. ocellaris , and A. percula ) and 1 symbiotic (when juvenile) damselfish species ( Dascyllus trimaculatus ) compared to one non-symbiotic damselfish species ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus ). A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test ( p value on top of the graph) was performed. B Neu5Ac and Kdn levels (expressed in ng/100 µg of protein) in wild caught fish: seven symbiotic anemonefish species ( A. chrysopterus , A. clarkii , A. frenatus , A. ocellaris , A. perideraion , A. polymnus , and A. sandaracinos ), one symbiotic damselfish species (D. trimaculatus at the juvenile and adult stage), and three non-symbiotic species ( Chrysiptera cyanea , Pomacentrus moluccensis , and Chromis viridis ). A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test ( p value on top of the graph) followed by a pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed for Neu5Ac. Only significant differences between anemonefish species, D. trimaculatus , and each damselfish species are displayed for Neu5Ac and indicated by a star (*). A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was performed for the Kdn levels, followed by a pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum test ( p value on top of the graph) (significant differences are displayed by a star (*) below the graph). Data are presented in Additional file 6: Table S1

Article Snippet: C) Levels of Kdn detected in organs of Amphiprion ocellaris , Chrysiptera cyanea , and Chromis viridis .

Techniques:

Journal: BMC Biology

Article Title: Anemonefish use sialic acid metabolism as Trojan horse to avoid giant sea anemone stinging

doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02144-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sialic acid levels in pomacentrids various organs confirm a decrease specific to A. ocellaris mucus. A Neu5Ac levels in A. ocellaris organs (mucus, skin, muscle, liver, digestive tract, and brain). A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test ( p value = 9.8e − 11), followed by a pairwise Wilcoxon rank-sum test, was performed to compare Neu5Ac levels between A. ocellaris organs. Organs displaying different letter are significantly different. B Neu5Ac levels in A. ocellaris , C. cyanea , and C. viridis organs (mucus, skin, muscle, liver, digestive tract, and brain). Depending on the organ, a one-way ANOVA or a non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was performed, followed by a Tukey HSD or a pairwise Wilcoxon rank-sum test to compare Neu5Ac levels between the three species for each organ. Significant differences are displayed by a star (*). Data are presented in Additional file 6: Table S2

Article Snippet: C) Levels of Kdn detected in organs of Amphiprion ocellaris , Chrysiptera cyanea , and Chromis viridis .

Techniques:

Journal: BMC Biology

Article Title: Anemonefish use sialic acid metabolism as Trojan horse to avoid giant sea anemone stinging

doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02144-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival rates and sialic acid production changes during A. ocellaris larval development. A Combined graphs showing in red the survival rates (percentage) of A. ocellaris larvae sampled at different developmental stages and in blue Neu5Ac levels (expressed in ng/100 µg of protein) of larvae sampled before metamorphosis (stage 2) and during metamorphosis (stage 4 and 6). A one-way ANOVA ( p value displayed on the graph) followed by a Tukey HSD test was performed on Neu5Ac levels to compare each developmental stage. Stage with different letter has significantly different Neu5Ac levels. B Expression levels of genes involved in sialic acid synthesis ( gne, nans, nanp, cmas ), transport ( slc35a1, slc17a5 ), removal from glycoconjugate ( neu1, neu3, neu3.1 ), and degradation ( npl ). Genes written in bold are significantly differentially expressed between pre-metamorphosis stage (S1 and/or S2 and/or S3) and metamorphosis stages (S5 and/or S6 and/or S7) (see Roux et al. for the description of gene expression analysis method). Data are presented in Additional file 6: Tables S3 and S4

Article Snippet: C) Levels of Kdn detected in organs of Amphiprion ocellaris , Chrysiptera cyanea , and Chromis viridis .

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression