Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors regulate dentate gyrus function by facilitating granule cell activity and mediating synaptic plasticity

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.06.710109

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Grin2d f l/fl mice were injected with AAV5-CamKII-mCherry (Control) or AAV-CamKII-mCherry-Cre ( Grin2d cKO). NMDAR-LTP was abolished in Grin2d cKO compared with control mice (Control: 149.5 ± 6.0 %, p < 0.01, n = 5, paired t-test; cKO: 92.5 ± 5.3 %, p = 0.12201, n = 6, paired t-test; Control vs cKO: p < 0.001, unpaired t-test). (B) WT mice were bilaterally injected with an anti-GluN2D antibody or control Ab into the dentate gyrus. After one hour, animals were euthanized, and slices were prepared. Injection was confirmed by the presence of methylene blue. NMDAR-LTP was abolished in mice injected with the anti-GluN2D antibody (cKO: 110.4 ± 8.5 %, p = 0.2952, n = 6, paired t-test) compared with control mice (Control: 149.8 ± 8.1 %, p < 0.001, n = 7, paired t-test; Control vs cKO: p < 0.01, unpaired t-test). (C) NMDAR-LTP was impaired in Grid1 KO mice (KO: 117.7 ± 5.3, p < 0.05%, n = 8, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) compared with controls (Control: 147.5 ± 6.7 %, p < 0.001, n = 7, paired t-test; Control vs cKO: p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m.

Article Snippet: For GluN2D cross-linking experiments in C57BL/6J, the control group received 1 μL of anti-rabbit Alexa 568 (control IgG, 1/5), while the GluN2D-cross-link group received 1 μg of polyclonal rabbit anti-GluN2D subunit (Alomone Labs, cat #AGC-020), both diluted in PBS with 1% methylene blue (1 μL final volume).

Techniques: Injection, Control, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: CoQ10-Supported HIIT Modulates Skeletal Muscle and Hippocampal Biomarkers in Rats: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Post-Test Controlled Design

doi: 10.3390/antiox14111360

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of the experimental design, including familiarization and HIIT phases, CoQ10 supplementation (timing and dosage), and outcome assessments. Blood lactate levels were measured 5 min post-HIIT (I). ELISA analyses were performed to plasma irisin and corticosterone, as well as GFAP, BDNF in hippocampal homogenates, and citrate synthase (CS) activity in skeletal muscle (plantaris and soleus) homogenates (II). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect GFAP and BDNF expression in hippocampal sections (III). The experimental groups were as follows: C: control group; Supp: CoQ10 group; HIIT: high-intensity interval training; HIITsupp: high-intensity interval training combined with CoQ10 group. MICT: moderate-intensity continuous training; HICT: high-intensity continuous training; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Article Snippet: CoQ10 (Biosynth, CAS No: 303-98-0, FC20535, Berkshire, UK) was administered to the supplemented groups (Supp and HIITsupp) via oral gavage at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg [ ].

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Activity Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Control, Derivative Assay

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: CoQ10-Supported HIIT Modulates Skeletal Muscle and Hippocampal Biomarkers in Rats: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Post-Test Controlled Design

doi: 10.3390/antiox14111360

Figure Lengend Snippet: The four-week profiling of plasma lactate threshold is illustrated. Week I represented the non-supplementation phase, weeks II-IV represented the supplementation phase. Blood samples were collected 5 min post-exercise during the HIIT phase. Experimental groups are as follows: C, control group; Supp, CoQ10 supplementation group; HIIT, high-intensity interval training group; HIITsupp, high-intensity interval training combined with CoQ10 supplementation. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (within-subject factor: time; between-subject factor: group), followed by LSD post hoc tests. Geometric symbols represent individual observations within each bar. Statistical significance is indicated by *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: CoQ10 (Biosynth, CAS No: 303-98-0, FC20535, Berkshire, UK) was administered to the supplemented groups (Supp and HIITsupp) via oral gavage at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg [ ].

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Control

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: CoQ10-Supported HIIT Modulates Skeletal Muscle and Hippocampal Biomarkers in Rats: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Post-Test Controlled Design

doi: 10.3390/antiox14111360

Figure Lengend Snippet: The anthropometric measurements of the experimental groups ( A , B ), along with the weights of the soleus muscles ( C ), the weights of the plantaris muscles ( D ), the soleus muscle CS levels ( E ), the plantaris muscle CS levels ( F ), corticosterone levels ( G ), and irisin levels ( H ) are illustrated. The experimental groups were as follows: C: control group; Supp: CoQ10 group; HIIT: high-intensity interval training; HIITsupp: high-intensity interval training combined with CoQ10 supplementation. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc comparisons. Geometric symbols represent individual observations within each bar. Statistical significance is indicated by *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: CoQ10 (Biosynth, CAS No: 303-98-0, FC20535, Berkshire, UK) was administered to the supplemented groups (Supp and HIITsupp) via oral gavage at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg [ ].

Techniques: Muscles, Control

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: CoQ10-Supported HIIT Modulates Skeletal Muscle and Hippocampal Biomarkers in Rats: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Post-Test Controlled Design

doi: 10.3390/antiox14111360

Figure Lengend Snippet: BDNF and GFAP levels in hippocampal tissue homogenates of the experimental groups, as measured by ELISA ( A , B ), and immunohistochemical staining with quantitative analyses of hippocampal subregions ( C , D ), are illustrated. BDNF immunostaining images and corresponding immunoreactivity results for the CA1, CA3, and DG subregions ( C ). Scale bar: 20 µm; magnification: 40× (for all images in ( C )). GFAP immunostaining images of the CA1, CA3, and DG subregions. GFAP-positive astrocytes with clearly distinguishable cell bodies and processes are shown (black arrows) ( D ). Scale bars: 20 µm for CA1 and CA3 (magnification: 40×), and 50 µm for DG (magnification: 20×). The experimental groups were as follows: C: control group; Supp: CoQ10 group; HIIT: high-intensity interval training; HIITsupp: high-intensity interval training combined with CoQ10 supplementation. GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The statistical comparisons were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, followed by post-hoc Mann–Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction. The statistical significance is indicated by *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: CoQ10 (Biosynth, CAS No: 303-98-0, FC20535, Berkshire, UK) was administered to the supplemented groups (Supp and HIITsupp) via oral gavage at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg [ ].

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Immunostaining, Control, Derivative Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Antioxidants

Article Title: CoQ10-Supported HIIT Modulates Skeletal Muscle and Hippocampal Biomarkers in Rats: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Post-Test Controlled Design

doi: 10.3390/antiox14111360

Figure Lengend Snippet: The intergroup variance distribution and separation patterns plasma and tissue samples are illustrated in the PCA biplot. The experimental groups were as follows: C: control group (black); Supp: CoQ10 group (purple); HIIT: high-intensity interval training (blue); HIITsupp: high-intensity interval training combined with CoQ10 group (green). GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CS: citrate synthase levels.

Article Snippet: CoQ10 (Biosynth, CAS No: 303-98-0, FC20535, Berkshire, UK) was administered to the supplemented groups (Supp and HIITsupp) via oral gavage at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg [ ].

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Control, Derivative Assay