media Search Results


primestore molecular transport medium mtm  (Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics LLC)
96
Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics LLC primestore molecular transport medium mtm
Primestore Molecular Transport Medium Mtm, supplied by Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics LLC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/primestore molecular transport medium mtm/product/Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics LLC
Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
primestore molecular transport medium mtm - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
96/100 stars
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bovine aortic endothelial cells ecs  (Cell Applications Inc)
94
Cell Applications Inc bovine aortic endothelial cells ecs
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells Ecs, supplied by Cell Applications Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/bovine aortic endothelial cells ecs/product/Cell Applications Inc
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
bovine aortic endothelial cells ecs - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
94/100 stars
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bacteriological media  (Difco)
86
Difco bacteriological media
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Bacteriological Media, supplied by Difco, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/bacteriological media/product/Difco
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
bacteriological media - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
86/100 stars
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dissociation media  (Merck & Co)
86
Merck & Co dissociation media
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Dissociation Media, supplied by Merck & Co, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/dissociation media/product/Merck & Co
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
dissociation media - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
86/100 stars
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growth media  (Bacto Laboratories)
86
Bacto Laboratories growth media
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Growth Media, supplied by Bacto Laboratories, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/growth media/product/Bacto Laboratories
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
growth media - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
86/100 stars
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culture media  (Liofilchem)
86
Liofilchem culture media
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Culture Media, supplied by Liofilchem, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/culture media/product/Liofilchem
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
culture media - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
86/100 stars
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cell growth media  (R&D Systems)
96
R&D Systems cell growth media
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Cell Growth Media, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/cell growth media/product/R&D Systems
Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
cell growth media - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
96/100 stars
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mouse embryonic fibroblast conditioned medium  (R&D Systems)
94
R&D Systems mouse embryonic fibroblast conditioned medium
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Conditioned Medium, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/mouse embryonic fibroblast conditioned medium/product/R&D Systems
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
mouse embryonic fibroblast conditioned medium - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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colorimetric sandwich elisa kit  (R&D Systems)
94
R&D Systems colorimetric sandwich elisa kit
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Colorimetric Sandwich Elisa Kit, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/colorimetric sandwich elisa kit/product/R&D Systems
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
colorimetric sandwich elisa kit - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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percoll plus density gradient media  (Cytiva Europe)
93
Cytiva Europe percoll plus density gradient media
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Percoll Plus Density Gradient Media, supplied by Cytiva Europe, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/percoll plus density gradient media/product/Cytiva Europe
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
percoll plus density gradient media - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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lympholytem  (Cedarlane)
95
Cedarlane lympholytem
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Lympholytem, supplied by Cedarlane, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/lympholytem/product/Cedarlane
Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
lympholytem - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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lympholyte poly  (Cedarlane)
93
Cedarlane lympholyte poly
Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in <t>endothelial</t> cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).
Lympholyte Poly, supplied by Cedarlane, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/lympholyte poly/product/Cedarlane
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
lympholyte poly - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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Image Search Results


Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in endothelial cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 Alters Cellular Metabolism and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Preeclampsia

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00083

Figure Lengend Snippet: Role of VEGF in mitochondrial bioenergetics in preeclampsia. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with 2% serum from NOR, CTL, and PE women with and without exogenous VEGF (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) Maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR) in endothelial cells, (B) Basal and maximal (Max) RCR, (C,D) are the same experiments as in (A,B) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5). In (A,C) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR, # P < 0.05, vs. cells exposed to PE serum alone. In (B,D) : * P < 0.05, vs. NOR maximal RCR, # P < 0.05, vs. PE maximal RCR. ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).

Article Snippet: Bovine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) (passages 5–8) were obtained from Cell Applications, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques:

sFlt-1 induces a metabolic phenotype switch to glycolysis in ECs but not in trophoblasts. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were exposed to 0, 10, 25, and 50 ng/mL of rh-sFlt-1 for 24 h. (A) Oxygen consumption rates (OCR), maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR), (B) Energetic phenotype map, basal and maximal OCR and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR), (C) ECAR determinations of glycolysis rate and glycolytic reserve, evaluated in endothelial cells. (D-F) , are the same experiments as in (A–C) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data is presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5), * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. untreated controls, In (A,D) : Student T -test. In (C,F) : ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 Alters Cellular Metabolism and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Preeclampsia

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00083

Figure Lengend Snippet: sFlt-1 induces a metabolic phenotype switch to glycolysis in ECs but not in trophoblasts. ECs and HTR-8/SVneo cells were exposed to 0, 10, 25, and 50 ng/mL of rh-sFlt-1 for 24 h. (A) Oxygen consumption rates (OCR), maximal respiration (OCR after FCCP administration) and spare respiratory capacity (Difference between basal and maximal OCR), (B) Energetic phenotype map, basal and maximal OCR and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR), (C) ECAR determinations of glycolysis rate and glycolytic reserve, evaluated in endothelial cells. (D-F) , are the same experiments as in (A–C) , respectively, but evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Data is presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 5), * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. untreated controls, In (A,D) : Student T -test. In (C,F) : ANOVA ( Bonferroni's post hoc test ).

Article Snippet: Bovine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) (passages 5–8) were obtained from Cell Applications, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques:

sFlt-1 acts as a mitochondrial bioenergetics disruptor in preeclampsia. (A) Morphological changes in endothelial cells (ECs) and trophoblasts cultured in glucose and galactose media (40X). (B) Cell viability of ECs and (C) trophoblasts cultured in glucose and galactose media and exposed to exogenous 50 ng/mL of sFlt-1 during 24 h. Scale: 100 μm. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 3), ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs. galactose exposed cells. # P < 0.05, vs. glucose-exposed cells. Student T -test.

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 Alters Cellular Metabolism and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Preeclampsia

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00083

Figure Lengend Snippet: sFlt-1 acts as a mitochondrial bioenergetics disruptor in preeclampsia. (A) Morphological changes in endothelial cells (ECs) and trophoblasts cultured in glucose and galactose media (40X). (B) Cell viability of ECs and (C) trophoblasts cultured in glucose and galactose media and exposed to exogenous 50 ng/mL of sFlt-1 during 24 h. Scale: 100 μm. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 3), ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs. galactose exposed cells. # P < 0.05, vs. glucose-exposed cells. Student T -test.

Article Snippet: Bovine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) (passages 5–8) were obtained from Cell Applications, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Cell Culture

sFlt-1 induces mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro . (A) Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) determinations by fluorescent microscopy using MitoSOX Red fluorescent probe demonstrate that sFlt-1 significantly induced mtROS formation in endothelial cells (ECs), while these effects were not observed in (B) trophoblasts. (C) sFlt-1 dissipated the mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψ m ) measured by fluorescent microscopy using JC-1 fluorescent probe in ECs, but not in (D) trophoblasts. Cells were exposed to sFlt-1 (50 ng/mL) for 24 h. Data is presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 3), * P < 0.05 vs. untreated controls. Student T -test.

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 Alters Cellular Metabolism and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Preeclampsia

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00083

Figure Lengend Snippet: sFlt-1 induces mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro . (A) Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) determinations by fluorescent microscopy using MitoSOX Red fluorescent probe demonstrate that sFlt-1 significantly induced mtROS formation in endothelial cells (ECs), while these effects were not observed in (B) trophoblasts. (C) sFlt-1 dissipated the mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψ m ) measured by fluorescent microscopy using JC-1 fluorescent probe in ECs, but not in (D) trophoblasts. Cells were exposed to sFlt-1 (50 ng/mL) for 24 h. Data is presented as means ± SEM. ( n = 3), * P < 0.05 vs. untreated controls. Student T -test.

Article Snippet: Bovine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) (passages 5–8) were obtained from Cell Applications, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Microscopy, Membrane

Schematic view of the effects of sFlt-1 dysregulation over cellular metabolism and bioenergetics in PE. Dysregulated VEGF signaling due to up-regulation of sFlt-1 levels in preeclampsia leads to reduced activation of VEGF receptors Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR, respectively. Effects of dysregulated VEGF bioavailability affect mitochondrial oxygen consumption (OCR), inducing a metabolic phenotype switch enhancing glycolytic response (ECAR) in endothelial cells, but not in trophoblasts. sFlt-1 due to loss of mitochondrial bioenergetics increase oxidative stress in mitochondria (mtROS). Together, these events lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, that would result in vascular dysfunction and the onset of preeclampsia.

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 Alters Cellular Metabolism and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Preeclampsia

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00083

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic view of the effects of sFlt-1 dysregulation over cellular metabolism and bioenergetics in PE. Dysregulated VEGF signaling due to up-regulation of sFlt-1 levels in preeclampsia leads to reduced activation of VEGF receptors Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR, respectively. Effects of dysregulated VEGF bioavailability affect mitochondrial oxygen consumption (OCR), inducing a metabolic phenotype switch enhancing glycolytic response (ECAR) in endothelial cells, but not in trophoblasts. sFlt-1 due to loss of mitochondrial bioenergetics increase oxidative stress in mitochondria (mtROS). Together, these events lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, that would result in vascular dysfunction and the onset of preeclampsia.

Article Snippet: Bovine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) (passages 5–8) were obtained from Cell Applications, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Activation Assay