Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Nitrate limitation in early Neoproterozoic oceans delayed the ecological rise of eukaryotes

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9647

Figure Lengend Snippet: Red points in ( A ) to ( C ) denote samples with Fe T > 0.5%; blue points, Fe T 0.4 to 0.5%; black points, Fe T < 0.4%. Blue band in (B) marks sediments deposited under oxic conditions, and green band marks sediments deposited under anoxic conditions. In (C), green band represents ferruginous conditions, and orange band represents euxinic conditions. In ( D ), green band marks near-zero δ 15 N bulk values indicative of dominance of nitrogen fixation. Color and size of data points are keyed to reflect TN and TOC contents. Blue line is LOWESS regression fit with 95% CI (gray shadow) calculated from SEs.

Article Snippet: We note that more data from the 800- to 900-Ma time bin are needed to accurately define the rise of δ 15 N. Sensitivity tests of LOWESS regression and changepoint detection analysis on the lowest 50% data and the entire dataset (fig. S6) also revealed a stepwise rise at around 800 Ma, although these analyses show more temporal variation.

Techniques:

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Nitrate limitation in early Neoproterozoic oceans delayed the ecological rise of eukaryotes

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9647

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Compilation of published nitrogen isotope data from Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic. Boxplots show distribution of δ 15 N values in each 100-Ma time bin. Blue line is LOWESS regression fit of lowest 25% δ 15 N data in every 100-Ma time bin; see fig. S6 for LOWESS regression fit of lowest 50% data and the entire dataset. Gray shade is 95% CI calculated from 10,000 bootstrapping experiments. Red triangle marks stepwise increase from a changepoint analysis of lowest 25% δ 15 N data. Most significant change in both mean and variance occurs at ca. 820 Ma. The green shade marks δ 15 N values characteristic of a nitrogen cycle dominated by nitrogen fixation (e.g., f assimilator < 0.16; see Fig. 5 ). ( B ) Frequency distributions of δ 15 N values from bootstrapping experiments ( n = 10,000) of pre–800 Ma (blue) and post–800 Ma (orange) samples. ( C ) Frequency distributions of mean δ 15 N values from bootstrapping experiments ( n = 10,000) of pre–800 Ma (blue) and post–800 Ma (orange) samples.

Article Snippet: We note that more data from the 800- to 900-Ma time bin are needed to accurately define the rise of δ 15 N. Sensitivity tests of LOWESS regression and changepoint detection analysis on the lowest 50% data and the entire dataset (fig. S6) also revealed a stepwise rise at around 800 Ma, although these analyses show more temporal variation.

Techniques:

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Nitrate limitation in early Neoproterozoic oceans delayed the ecological rise of eukaryotes

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9647

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) LOWESS regression curve of lowest 25% δ 15 N data in every 100-Ma time bin. A stepwise rise in δ 15 N at ca. 800 Ma coincides with breakup of supercontinent Rodinia and implies increasing marine nitrate availability. ( B ) Phosphorus concentrations of marine siliciclastic sediments through time ( , ). LOWESS regression is based on the entire dataset. An increase in late Tonian implies greater phosphorus availability in the surface ocean. ( C ) Biomarker data (see the Supplementary Materials) . Note oldest steranes at ca. 820 Ma, increasing sterane/hopane ratios, and inferred dominance of various primary producers. ( D ) Approximate stratigraphic ranges of major eukaryotic clades .

Article Snippet: We note that more data from the 800- to 900-Ma time bin are needed to accurately define the rise of δ 15 N. Sensitivity tests of LOWESS regression and changepoint detection analysis on the lowest 50% data and the entire dataset (fig. S6) also revealed a stepwise rise at around 800 Ma, although these analyses show more temporal variation.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery

Journal: The Journal of infectious diseases

Article Title: Correlates of Immune Activation Marker Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Seropositive and High-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women Who Use Illicit Drugs

doi: 10.1086/376509

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scatter plots with nonlinear smooth curves of baseline percentage of HLADR+/CD38+ expressed in CD4 (dashed line) and CD8 (solid line) T cells over the range of baseline human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels for 176 HIV-seropositive women. Curves were fitted with the S-PLUS lowess function (MathSoft). Open circles represent individual data points for CD4, and closed triangles represent data points for CD8. Vertical lines divide HIV-1 RNA levels into groups corresponding to those in table 2.

Article Snippet: Curves were fitted with the S-PLUS lowess function (MathSoft).

Techniques: Virus