Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Ex vivo detection of recreational consumed nitrous oxide in exhaled breath

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86666-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Statistics retrieved from the Dutch National police, showing the prevalence of laughing gas related traffic accidents from 2019–2023. ( b ) The recreational dosing method and schematic depictions of the in vitro and ex vivo models used in this study. ( c ) The detection methodology used to detect \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O in exhaled breath.

Article Snippet: Participants took part in three experimental conditions and completed each these once: [placebo] two subsequent latex party balloons containing 4 L of Medical grade compressed air (ATC: V03AN05, Airapy, Linde Gas Benelux), [Single] one latex party balloon of air followed by one latex party balloon containing 4 L, 100% of medical grade \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O (ATC: N01AX13, Niontix, Linde Gas Benelux), and [Double] two consecutive dosages of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O.

Techniques: In Vitro, Ex Vivo

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Ex vivo detection of recreational consumed nitrous oxide in exhaled breath

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86666-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mean \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O concentration as measured by the G200 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O analyzer of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O standards prepared using the gas generation set-up. RH = relative humidity.

Article Snippet: Participants took part in three experimental conditions and completed each these once: [placebo] two subsequent latex party balloons containing 4 L of Medical grade compressed air (ATC: V03AN05, Airapy, Linde Gas Benelux), [Single] one latex party balloon of air followed by one latex party balloon containing 4 L, 100% of medical grade \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O (ATC: N01AX13, Niontix, Linde Gas Benelux), and [Double] two consecutive dosages of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Ex vivo detection of recreational consumed nitrous oxide in exhaled breath

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86666-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Concentration \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_2$$\end{document} O in the exhaled air of the lung simulator versus time for varying air refresh ratios (ARR). The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_2$$\end{document} O concentration with an ARR of 0.10 first shows a steep decline ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t_{1/2,1} = 2.45 \pm 0.09$$\end{document} min) between 0–30 min, after 30 min the decline is less steep ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t_{1/2,2} = 9.39\pm 1.25$$\end{document} min). The lines are fits using the linear series gas redistribution model. (b/c) The corresponding half-lifes of (a) for different ARR. The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_2$$\end{document} O concentration in the lung simulator is described by a fast gas-exchange process \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t_{1/2,1}=1-2.5$$\end{document} min ( b ) and a slower timescale \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t_{1/2,2}=6-12$$\end{document} min (c).

Article Snippet: Participants took part in three experimental conditions and completed each these once: [placebo] two subsequent latex party balloons containing 4 L of Medical grade compressed air (ATC: V03AN05, Airapy, Linde Gas Benelux), [Single] one latex party balloon of air followed by one latex party balloon containing 4 L, 100% of medical grade \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O (ATC: N01AX13, Niontix, Linde Gas Benelux), and [Double] two consecutive dosages of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Ex vivo detection of recreational consumed nitrous oxide in exhaled breath

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86666-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O concentrations found in the ex vivo study at different time intervals. The individual measurements of the single-dose and double-dose are binned in time-steps of 20 min. The blue and grey lines are a fits with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t_{1/2} = 29.0 \pm 0.8$$\end{document} min (single dose) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t_{1/2}=30.6 \pm 0.6$$\end{document} min (double dose).

Article Snippet: Participants took part in three experimental conditions and completed each these once: [placebo] two subsequent latex party balloons containing 4 L of Medical grade compressed air (ATC: V03AN05, Airapy, Linde Gas Benelux), [Single] one latex party balloon of air followed by one latex party balloon containing 4 L, 100% of medical grade \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O (ATC: N01AX13, Niontix, Linde Gas Benelux), and [Double] two consecutive dosages of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O.

Techniques: Ex Vivo

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Ex vivo detection of recreational consumed nitrous oxide in exhaled breath

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86666-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Schematic setup of the Michigan Instruments Dual Adult Lung Simulator. The interior of the lung simulator consists of elastomer bellows. The lifting movement of the frame of the elastomer bellows generates a negative pressure in the lung, this allows a controlled mechanical ventilation with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V_t$$\end{document} =100–1800 mL at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$2-30$$\end{document} breaths per minute. ( b ) The linear series two-compartment gas redistribution model. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V_1$$\end{document} represents the lumping of homogeneous alveoli, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V_2$$\end{document} is the volume present in the trachea up to the upper respiratory tract. The initial \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_2$$\end{document} O concentration is assumed to be homogeneously distributed in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V_1$$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V_2$$\end{document} with concentration \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$C_1(0)=C_2(0)=C_0$$\end{document} . After inhalation, the concentration of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_2$$\end{document} O redistributes: the exhalation is controlled by a linear exhalation parameter \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\lambda _2$$\end{document} , the gas-exchange between the alveoli and the upper respiratory tract is modeled using \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\lambda _1$$\end{document} . The ambient concentration is assumed to be zero \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$C_3=0$$\end{document} .

Article Snippet: Participants took part in three experimental conditions and completed each these once: [placebo] two subsequent latex party balloons containing 4 L of Medical grade compressed air (ATC: V03AN05, Airapy, Linde Gas Benelux), [Single] one latex party balloon of air followed by one latex party balloon containing 4 L, 100% of medical grade \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O (ATC: N01AX13, Niontix, Linde Gas Benelux), and [Double] two consecutive dosages of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Ex vivo detection of recreational consumed nitrous oxide in exhaled breath

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86666-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Personal Clinical Data (N = 24).

Article Snippet: Participants took part in three experimental conditions and completed each these once: [placebo] two subsequent latex party balloons containing 4 L of Medical grade compressed air (ATC: V03AN05, Airapy, Linde Gas Benelux), [Single] one latex party balloon of air followed by one latex party balloon containing 4 L, 100% of medical grade \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O (ATC: N01AX13, Niontix, Linde Gas Benelux), and [Double] two consecutive dosages of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {N}_{2}$$\end{document} O.

Techniques: