Journal: Biochemistry

Article Title: Abietane-Type Diterpenoids Inhibit Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases by Stabilizing an Inactive Enzyme Conformation

doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00655

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of structurally varied inhibitors. (A) Structural analogues of abietic acid (AA): continentalic acid (CA), isopimaric acid (IA), dehydroabietic acid (DeAA), and dihydroabietic acid (DiAA). (B) Differences in degree of saturation yield pronounced differences in potency (i.e., IC50) but not selectivity. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (propagated from the data sets shown in Figures S2–S4).

Article Snippet: We purchased AA from Arctom Chemicals (Newton, MA), dehydroabietic acid (DeAA) and TCS401 {2-[(carboxycarbonyl)amino]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thieno[2,3- c ]-pyridine-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride} from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), isopimaric acid (IA) and dihydroabietic acid (DiAA) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), continentalic acid (CA) from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China), and BBR {3-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-ethylbenzofuran-6-sulfonic acid-[4-(thiazol-2-ylsulfamyl)phenyl]-amide} from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI).

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Resin acids play key roles in shaping microbial communities during degradation of spruce bark

doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43867-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A The identified dit cluster which spans 34.6 kbp. Genbank accession numbers are shown below each gene, gene names above, and their functional annotations according to pfam are color coded (Table ; DUF—domain of unknown function, AMP—adenosine monophosphate). The resin acids are divided into two subtypes: abietane and pimarane, the former represented by ( B ) abietic acid, and the latter by ( C ) isopimaric acid. D Representative transmission electron microscopy image of a P. abieticivorans cell, showing the presence of a single flagellum (from 30 images including several cells each). Degradation of resin acids by P. abieticivorans on ( E ) abietic acid and ( F ) dehydroabietic acid, and concomitant cellular protein concentrations as a proxy for growth as optical density monitoring is complicated by the insoluble nature of the resin acids. Data points are based on duplicate or triplicate biological experiments and lines show the means.

Article Snippet: The growth of P. abieticivorans on different types of resin acids was additionally analyzed using a Growth Profiler (Enzyscreen), using continuous imaging and pixel-based growth determination, in a 24-well plate (6 × 4) using 100 mg/L of each resin acid: dehydroabietic acid (Megazyme ~90%), abietic acid (Sigma ~75%), and isopimaric acid (Carbosynth).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Diterpenoids inhibit ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation in RAW264.7 cells by promoting ABCA1 mediated cholesterol efflux

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1066758

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemical structures of two isolated compounds, 14α-hydroxyisopimaric acid (C069002) (A) and isopimaric acid (C069004) (B) , from the flowers of the Callicarpa rubella Lindl.

Article Snippet: In conclusion, we identified two diterpenoid-derivative molecules, that is, 14 α -hydroxyisopimaric acid (C069002) and isopimaric acid (C069004), extracted and separated from the flowers of Callicarpa rubella Lindl., with the atheroprotective effects of enhancing cholesterol efflux and inhibiting macrophage foam cell formation.

Techniques: Isolation

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Mechanisms and treatment of atherosclerosis: focus on macrophages

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1490387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Herbal monomers/extracts for AS via macrophages.

Article Snippet: Diterpenoids (one of the major structures of the chemical constituents in plants of the genus Callicarpa) , RAW264.7 cells , (+) PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway , Inhibit ox-LDL-induced MΦ foam cell formation by promoting cholesterol efflux , 14α-hydroxyisopimaric acid and isopimaric acid (isolated from the flowers of Callicarpa rubella Lindl) , ( ) .

Techniques: Injection, Migration, Isolation, Activity Assay, Transformation Assay