Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Open-source software library for real-time inertial measurement unit data-based inverse kinematics using OpenSim

doi: 10.7717/peerj.15097

Figure Lengend Snippet: The MS model segments whose inverse kinematics were calculated during performance tests, presented by the number of IMUs whose data was utilized.

Article Snippet: The subject was instructed to take the standard anatomical position at the beginning of each trial to calibrate the IMUs on the musculoskeletal model as per the standard IMU calibration procedure of OpenSim (elaborated in ).

Techniques:

Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Open-source software library for real-time inertial measurement unit data-based inverse kinematics using OpenSim

doi: 10.7717/peerj.15097

Figure Lengend Snippet: The execution times are presented as mean over 10 trials for two different musculoskeletal models (lower body and torso model and full-body model) using one, seven, or 12 IMUs. IMU quaternions orientations were retrieved from previously recorded walking trials. Red diagonal cross: lower-body model and laptop computer. Green cross: full-body model and laptop computer. Blue circle: lower-body model and desktop computer. Purple square: full-body model and desktop computer.

Article Snippet: The subject was instructed to take the standard anatomical position at the beginning of each trial to calibrate the IMUs on the musculoskeletal model as per the standard IMU calibration procedure of OpenSim (elaborated in ).

Techniques:

Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Open-source software library for real-time inertial measurement unit data-based inverse kinematics using OpenSim

doi: 10.7717/peerj.15097

Figure Lengend Snippet: The throughputs are presented as mean over 10 trials. The measurements were repeated with two different musculoskeletal models, and using one, seven or 12 inertial measurement units (IMUs). IMU quaternion orientations were retrieved from previously recorded walking trials. Red diagonal cross: lower-body model and one IMU. Green cross: lower-body model and seven IMUs. Blue circle: full-body model and one IMU. Purple square: full-body model and seven IMUs. Cyan diamond: full-body model and 12 IMUs.

Article Snippet: The subject was instructed to take the standard anatomical position at the beginning of each trial to calibrate the IMUs on the musculoskeletal model as per the standard IMU calibration procedure of OpenSim (elaborated in ).

Techniques:

Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Open-source software library for real-time inertial measurement unit data-based inverse kinematics using OpenSim

doi: 10.7717/peerj.15097

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mean, standard deviation (STD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of execution times of a single inverse kinematics (IK) operation.

Article Snippet: The subject was instructed to take the standard anatomical position at the beginning of each trial to calibrate the IMUs on the musculoskeletal model as per the standard IMU calibration procedure of OpenSim (elaborated in ).

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Open-source software library for real-time inertial measurement unit data-based inverse kinematics using OpenSim

doi: 10.7717/peerj.15097

Figure Lengend Snippet: The values are calculated over 10,000 IK operations for two different musculoskeletal models, two different computers and one, seven or 12 inertial measurement units (IMUs). Randomly selected unit quaternions were used as IMU orientations. Red diagonal cross: lower-body model and laptop computer. Green cross: full-body model and laptop computer. Blue circle: lower-body model and desktop computer. Purple square: full-body model and desktop computer.

Article Snippet: The subject was instructed to take the standard anatomical position at the beginning of each trial to calibrate the IMUs on the musculoskeletal model as per the standard IMU calibration procedure of OpenSim (elaborated in ).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Variations in Concurrent Validity of Two Independent Inertial Measurement Units Compared to Gold Standard for Upper Body Posture during Computerised Device Use

doi: 10.3390/s23156761

Figure Lengend Snippet: R 2 and RSME comparing IMU systems to motion capture for 3D segment and joint angles during 14 min of typing under three conditions (monitor correct, monitor raised, and laptop).

Article Snippet: Bluetooth IMUs used low-energy Bluetooth to send real-time data from each Bluetooth IMU to proprietary software (Mbientlab Inc, MetaBase application) on an iPad Tablet (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) as duration in data collection far exceeded the on-board 8 MB storage capacity.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Variations in Concurrent Validity of Two Independent Inertial Measurement Units Compared to Gold Standard for Upper Body Posture during Computerised Device Use

doi: 10.3390/s23156761

Figure Lengend Snippet: R 2 and RSME comparing IMU systems to motion capture for 3D segments and joint angles during the 2nd and 14th minute of typing during the first condition undertaken at commencement of IMUs being initiated (includes monitor correct, monitor raised, or laptop).

Article Snippet: Bluetooth IMUs used low-energy Bluetooth to send real-time data from each Bluetooth IMU to proprietary software (Mbientlab Inc, MetaBase application) on an iPad Tablet (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) as duration in data collection far exceeded the on-board 8 MB storage capacity.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Variations in Concurrent Validity of Two Independent Inertial Measurement Units Compared to Gold Standard for Upper Body Posture during Computerised Device Use

doi: 10.3390/s23156761

Figure Lengend Snippet: Upper trunk movement (averages) for twenty-six participants showing the relationship between the Wi-Fi IMU, Bluetooth IMU, and motion capture (Mocap) data across 14 min of typing during the first condition (included monitor correct, monitor raised, or laptop) across three axes with standard deviation denoted by shaded areas. Note that for flexion/extension and lateral flexion, the Wifi IMUs throughout the time-series provide data that is consistent with motion capture, with drift for the Bluetooth IMU after approximately the 8th minute for lateral flexion and approximately the 4th minute for flexion/extension. For rotation, the Wifi IMU provides similar data to motion capture, but the Bluetooth IMU displays significant offset at time zero and drift.

Article Snippet: Bluetooth IMUs used low-energy Bluetooth to send real-time data from each Bluetooth IMU to proprietary software (Mbientlab Inc, MetaBase application) on an iPad Tablet (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) as duration in data collection far exceeded the on-board 8 MB storage capacity.

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Variations in Concurrent Validity of Two Independent Inertial Measurement Units Compared to Gold Standard for Upper Body Posture during Computerised Device Use

doi: 10.3390/s23156761

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rotation movement for HN segment from one participant during typing for 14 min demonstrating the magnitude of gyroscopic drift for the Bluetooth IMU compared to the Wi-Fi IMU and motion capture.

Article Snippet: Bluetooth IMUs used low-energy Bluetooth to send real-time data from each Bluetooth IMU to proprietary software (Mbientlab Inc, MetaBase application) on an iPad Tablet (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) as duration in data collection far exceeded the on-board 8 MB storage capacity.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: How We Found Our IMU: Guidelines to IMU Selection and a Comparison of Seven IMUs for Pervasive Healthcare Applications

doi: 10.3390/s20154090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Recommended specifications for filtering the IMUs of interest.

Article Snippet: The Xsens DOT IMUs released in early 2020 offers a light weight alternative to the MTw Awinda IMUs, and is worth testing for the lab-based use cases mentioned above.

Techniques: Sampling, Battery, Control

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: How We Found Our IMU: Guidelines to IMU Selection and a Comparison of Seven IMUs for Pervasive Healthcare Applications

doi: 10.3390/s20154090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Recommended aspects of data collection for filtering IMUs.

Article Snippet: The Xsens DOT IMUs released in early 2020 offers a light weight alternative to the MTw Awinda IMUs, and is worth testing for the lab-based use cases mentioned above.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: How We Found Our IMU: Guidelines to IMU Selection and a Comparison of Seven IMUs for Pervasive Healthcare Applications

doi: 10.3390/s20154090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gait data recording set-up. Left: the 10 m OptoGait walkway. Right: the IMUs were fixed on top of the shoes.

Article Snippet: The Xsens DOT IMUs released in early 2020 offers a light weight alternative to the MTw Awinda IMUs, and is worth testing for the lab-based use cases mentioned above.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: How We Found Our IMU: Guidelines to IMU Selection and a Comparison of Seven IMUs for Pervasive Healthcare Applications

doi: 10.3390/s20154090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sampling rates for ( a ) EXLs3 IMU, ( b ) Bonsai IMU, ( c ) MMR IMU, ( d ) Gait Up IMU, ( e ) Shimmer IMU. Sampling rates were calculated from timestamp intervals for the IMUs that provide timestamps. Configured sampling rates for the recording marked by a turquoise line.

Article Snippet: The Xsens DOT IMUs released in early 2020 offers a light weight alternative to the MTw Awinda IMUs, and is worth testing for the lab-based use cases mentioned above.

Techniques: Sampling

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: How We Found Our IMU: Guidelines to IMU Selection and a Comparison of Seven IMUs for Pervasive Healthcare Applications

doi: 10.3390/s20154090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Disruption of the estimated stride trajectories due to data loss during Bluetooth transmission from the EXLs3 IMUs. Each line is a lateral view of the displacement of one foot for a walking subject.

Article Snippet: The Xsens DOT IMUs released in early 2020 offers a light weight alternative to the MTw Awinda IMUs, and is worth testing for the lab-based use cases mentioned above.

Techniques: Disruption, Transmission Assay

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: How We Found Our IMU: Guidelines to IMU Selection and a Comparison of Seven IMUs for Pervasive Healthcare Applications

doi: 10.3390/s20154090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stride length evaluation for the Bonsai IMUs and example raw acceleration data. ( a ) correlation analysis of stride length, ( b ) Bland-Altman plot of stride length, stride lengths of longer strides were underestimated, and ( c ) raw acceleration data from one example recording session, signals were cut off at the ± 4 g limit.

Article Snippet: The Xsens DOT IMUs released in early 2020 offers a light weight alternative to the MTw Awinda IMUs, and is worth testing for the lab-based use cases mentioned above.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: How We Found Our IMU: Guidelines to IMU Selection and a Comparison of Seven IMUs for Pervasive Healthcare Applications

doi: 10.3390/s20154090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of stride lengths from left and right foot derived from MMR IMU data, and reference data from Move 4 IMUs. ( a ) and ( b ) correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plot of stride length derived from MMR data, ( c ) and ( d ) K-Means clustering based on the stride length differences between IMU and OptoGait measurements, ( e ) and ( f ) correlation analysis of stride length grouped by left and right foot, for MMR and Move 4 IMUs, respectively. S c : silhouette coefficient.

Article Snippet: The Xsens DOT IMUs released in early 2020 offers a light weight alternative to the MTw Awinda IMUs, and is worth testing for the lab-based use cases mentioned above.

Techniques: Derivative Assay