Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Antidepressant effects of ketamine: mechanisms underlying fast-acting novel antidepressants

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00161

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acute effects of ketamine .

Article Snippet: Ma et al., , C57Bl/6J mice (7 wks. old 20 g) , Gutian Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd., Fuijan, China. 10 mg/kg (i.p.) , Ketamine reversed CMS-induced increases in immobility in the FST and TST 48 h post-treatment. Ketamine reversed CMS-induced reductions in sucrose intake in the SPT, 24 h, 4, 6, and 8 days post-treatment. In non-stressed animals ketamine reduced immobility in the TST and FST at 3 and 24 h post-injection , N/A.

Techniques: Injection, Expressing, Activity Assay, Blocking Assay, Knock-In, Produced

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Antidepressant effects of ketamine: mechanisms underlying fast-acting novel antidepressants

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00161

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protracted effects of ketamine .

Article Snippet: Ma et al., , C57Bl/6J mice (7 wks. old 20 g) , Gutian Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd., Fuijan, China. 10 mg/kg (i.p.) , Ketamine reversed CMS-induced increases in immobility in the FST and TST 48 h post-treatment. Ketamine reversed CMS-induced reductions in sucrose intake in the SPT, 24 h, 4, 6, and 8 days post-treatment. In non-stressed animals ketamine reduced immobility in the TST and FST at 3 and 24 h post-injection , N/A.

Techniques: Expressing, Injection, Binding Assay, Blocking Assay, Activation Assay, Activity Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: DPSleep: Open-Source Longitudinal Sleep Analysis From Accelerometer Data

doi: 10.1101/2021.02.02.429455

Figure Lengend Snippet: Three panels display longitudinal Activity Score, Sleep Episode estimates and clinical severity score, and quantitative metrics derived from the actigraphy for S11 of Study 2. (A) The top panel displays the continuous Activity Scores colored by the threshold for each day, similar to Figure 7A. (B) The middle panel displays the time-zone adjusted and fully quality-controlled estimates of the Sleep Episodes (similar to Figure 7C) with the severity of the Clinical Score overlaid by a red line. The Clinical Score reflects the total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). (C) Temporally-smoothed (14-day backward moving average) estimates of three activity-based measures are plotted: the estimated Sleep Duration (labeled Duration), the Sleep Timing Regularity Index (labeled STRI), and the SleepImmobility percentage (labeled Immobility). Gaps in the plots reflect missing days; if more than two days were missing, the temporal average that would include those days are absent. Clear state changes in the sleep patterns can be observed (demarcated by dashed black lines in B) that are temporally coincident with negative changes in the Clinical Score.

Article Snippet: Adopting a previously described quantitative framing of Immobility (version 7.2, CamNtech, Cambridge, UK, 2008; ), the ImmobileMinutes were defined in as minutes with lower than a cut-off threshold (40th percentile activity here) that is the threshold to show the Activity Level in .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Derivative Assay, Labeling

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: A molecular convergence in the triad of parkinson’s disease, depressive disorder and gut health is revealed by the inflammation-miRNA axis

doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03608-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of human α-Syn in raphe serotonin (5-HT) neurons in mice. A Experimental design. Male mice received 1 µl of AAV2/5-CBh-WPRE3 construct to drive expression of human α-Syn (AAV-α-Syn) or empty AAV2/5-CBh-WPRE3 vector containing non-coding (null) stuffer DNA (AAV-EV) into dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and were euthanized at 4 and 8 weeks (W) post-infusion . B Representative confocal images and Imaris 3D reconstructions showing the co-localization of human α-Syn protein and tryptophan hydroxylase-TPH + cells in the DR of mice after AAV2/5 injection. Scale bar: 50 μm (low) and 10 μm (high). C-D Representative confocal images and Imaris 3D reconstructions showing co-localization of human α-Syn + /serotonin transporter-SERT + fibers in 5-HT projection brain regions, such as medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and caudate putamen (CPu) of mice. Scale bar: 25 μm (low) and 10 μm (high). E Representative confocal images of Iba1 + microglia. Scale bar: 200, 50, and 10 μm, respectively. Bar chart showing a significant increase in the number and size of Iba1 + microglia in the DR at 4 and 8 weeks post-infusion. F Representative confocal images of GFAP + astrocytes. Scale bar: 200, 50, and 10 μm, respectively. Bar chart showing a significant increase in the number GFAP + astrocytes in the DR at 4 and 8 weeks post-infusion. G Representative confocal images and quantification of Iba1 + microglia in the mPFC and CPu. Scale bar: 50 μm. H Representative images and quantification of GFAP + astrocytes in the mPFC and CPu. Scale bar: 50 μm. I High-magnification confocal images and Imaris 3D reconstructions showing the co-localization of human α-Syn + (red) within Iba1 + microglia (green) or GFAP + astrocytes (green) in the DR at 8 weeks post-infusion. Scale bar: 50 μm (low) and 10 μm (high). J-K Mice with human α-Syn accumulation displayed depressive-like behaviors, including increased immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. L Whole gut transit quantification at 8 weeks post-infusion. M Expression level of Iba1 mRNA in the ileum. N Expression level of GFAP mRNA in the ileum. Data points represent individual mice. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus controls (detailed statistical analysis in supplementary excel file)

Article Snippet: Sessions were videotaped for 6 min and the immobility time was measured (Smart, Panlab, Cornella, Spain).

Techniques: Over Expression, Construct, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Injection, Suspension

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: A molecular convergence in the triad of parkinson’s disease, depressive disorder and gut health is revealed by the inflammation-miRNA axis

doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03608-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: MiRNA and mRNA expression profile in a depressive-like mouse model subjected to corticosterone (CORT)-induced stress. A Experimental design. Mice were chronically CORT exposure in the drinking water for 28 days and examined on day 36 . B Mice exposed to CORT displayed depressive-like behaviors, including increased immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. C-H Expression levels of miR-199a-5p, miR-219a-5p, and miR-200a-3p in the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and caudate putamen (CPu) of CORT-treated mice compared to the control vehicle (VEH)-treated mice. I- J Expression levels of TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and NFκB1 mRNAs in the mPFC of the same CORT-treated mice compared to the VEH-treated mice. N-P Expression levels of Iba1, GFAP, and 5-HT 2A R mRNAs in the mPFC of the same CORT-treated mice compared to the VEH-treated mice. Q-U Expression levels of TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and NFκB1 mRNAs in the CPU of CORT-treated mice and VEH-treated mice. V-X Expression levels of Iba1, GFAP, and 5-HT 2A R mRNAs in the CPu of CORT-treated mice and VEH-treated mice. Data is plotted as mean ± SEM. Data points represent individual mice. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus controls (detailed statistical analysis in supplementary excel file)

Article Snippet: Sessions were videotaped for 6 min and the immobility time was measured (Smart, Panlab, Cornella, Spain).

Techniques: Expressing, Suspension, Control

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Immune and Metabolic Dysregulation in a Restraint Stress-Induced Depression Model

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13092183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic profiling. ( a ) Diagram of the 24-hour restraint stress mouse model. ( b ) Quantification of the sucrose preference in SPT (** p = 0.007) and immobility time in 4 min in FST (* p = 0.0121, n = 17 for NC group and n = 16 for restraint group, each dot represents one mouse). ( c ) Volcano plot for differentially expressed genes in restraint mice samples compared with controls in RNA-seq. Blue and red dots indicate statistical down- and up-regulated genes, respectively. ( d ) Heat-map analysis on expressions of genes in the mPFC ( n = 3 for each group). ( e , f ) GO—‘Biological Processes’/‘Cellular Component’/‘Molecular Function’ analysis on up-regulated genes in restraint mice compared with control mice in RNA-seq. ( g , h ) GSEA analysis of differentially expressed genes in restraint mice samples compared with controls in RNA-seq. Red indicates gene sets positively enriched in the stress group (NES > 0), while blue indicates gene sets negatively enriched in stress (NES < 0). NES, normalized enrichment score.

Article Snippet: The immobility time of the last 4 min were analyzed by Noldus-maze.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Control

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Immune and Metabolic Dysregulation in a Restraint Stress-Induced Depression Model

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13092183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clemastine treatment alleviates depressive-like behavior. ( a , b ) Behavioral assessments show that clemastine treatment restores sucrose preference (( a ), Control + Water versus Restraint + Water, * p = 0.0155; Restraint + Water versus Restraint + Clemastine, * p = 0.0439; n = 10 for Control group and n = 12 for restraint group) and reduces immobility time (( b ), Control + Water versus Restraint + Water, * p = 0.0297; Restraint + Water versus Restraint + Clemastine, * p = 0.0452; n = 10 for Control group and n = 12 for restraint group) in restraint-stressed mice, indicating antidepressant-like effects. Each dot represents one mouse. ( c ) Temporal clustering analysis of proteomics datasets of mPFC tissues from mice (N means control group, C means control + clemastine group, R means restraint group, R + C means restraint+clemastine group, n = 3 for each group).

Article Snippet: The immobility time of the last 4 min were analyzed by Noldus-maze.

Techniques: Control