Journal: Frontiers in pharmacology

Article Title: Advanced in Vitro Safety Assessment of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders in Pregnancy.

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882997

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 2 | Effects of phytochemicals on cell viability of undifferentiated BeWo b30 cells after 72 h of treatment. Among the phytochemicals present in St. John’s wort, such as hyperforin (A) and hypericin (B), only the latter resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability at concentrations of 1, 3, 10, and 30 µM. Protopine (C) (present in California poppy) reduced cell viability by 62.4% at a concentration of 30 µM. Of the phytochemicals present in valerian, such as valerenic acid (D) and valtrate (E), only the latter resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability at concentrations of 10 and 30 µM. Linalool (F) (ingredient of lavender oil) did not show any significant effect in a concentration range from 0.01 up to 30 µM. The effects are shown as fold change compared to the untreated control. Treatments with camptothecin (CPT, 300 µM) and Triton-X-100 (TX, 0.5%) served as toxicity controls. Results were normalized to untreated control signal = 100% (n = 3).

Article Snippet: The following phytochemicals were obtained from commercial sources: hyperforin, hyperforin dicyclohexylammonium salt and linalool (Sigma-Aldrich), protopine and valerenic acid (Extrasynthese), and valtrate (Toronto Research Chemicals).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in pharmacology

Article Title: Advanced in Vitro Safety Assessment of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders in Pregnancy.

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882997

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 3 | Effects of phytochemicals on cell death of undifferentiated BeWo b30 cells after treatment for 72 h: (A) hyperforin, (B) hypericin, (C) protopine, (D) valerenic acid, (E) valtrate, and (F) linalool. Apoptosis only significantly increased for the highest concentrations of hyperforin (≥3 µM), and valtrate (≥10 µM). Hypericin showed a non-significant increase at 1 µM followed by a significant decrease up to the highest concentration due to an overall decrease in detected cells († cell detection was limited due to advanced degradation). Results were normalized to camptothecin (CPT, 300 µM) = 100% (n = 3), which was used as positive control for apoptosis.

Article Snippet: The following phytochemicals were obtained from commercial sources: hyperforin, hyperforin dicyclohexylammonium salt and linalool (Sigma-Aldrich), protopine and valerenic acid (Extrasynthese), and valtrate (Toronto Research Chemicals).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Positive Control

Journal: Frontiers in pharmacology

Article Title: Advanced in Vitro Safety Assessment of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders in Pregnancy.

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882997

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 4 | Effects of phytochemicals (A) hyperforin, (B) hypericin, (C) protopine, (D) valerenic acid, (E) valtrate, and (F) linalool on tail DNA in undifferentiated BeWo b30 cells after exposure for 3 h. No significant genotoxic effects were observed at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 µM. Only the highest concentrations (10 µM) of hyperforin, hypericin, and valtrate led to increased DNA damage of BeWo b30 cells. Results were calculated as fold change compared to the untreated control. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS, 3 mM) was used as a positive control (n = 3).

Article Snippet: The following phytochemicals were obtained from commercial sources: hyperforin, hyperforin dicyclohexylammonium salt and linalool (Sigma-Aldrich), protopine and valerenic acid (Extrasynthese), and valtrate (Toronto Research Chemicals).

Techniques: Control, Positive Control

Journal: Frontiers in pharmacology

Article Title: Advanced in Vitro Safety Assessment of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders in Pregnancy.

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882997

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 5 | Effects of phytochemicals on glucose consumption and lactate production in undifferentiated BeWo b30 cells after treatment for 48 h. Data were normalized per amount of protein (mg). Control consisted of cell culture media containing 0.2% of DMSO. Data were obtained from three independent experiments (n = 3; in triplicate) and are shown as mean ± SD: *p < 0.05. A statistically significant impairment of metabolic activity could not be detected at any of the test concentrations (1, 3, 10, and 30 µM) of the following phytochemicals: protopine (C), valerenic acid (D), and linalool (F). However, valtrate (E) decreased the glycolytic metabolism at concentrations of 1, 3, 10, and 30 µM. Phytochemicals of St. John’s wort led to increased glucose consumption and concomitant lactate production in the case of hyperforin treatment (A) at 1 and 3 µM and increased lactate concentrations in the case of hypericin (B) at 1 µM.

Article Snippet: The following phytochemicals were obtained from commercial sources: hyperforin, hyperforin dicyclohexylammonium salt and linalool (Sigma-Aldrich), protopine and valerenic acid (Extrasynthese), and valtrate (Toronto Research Chemicals).

Techniques: Control, Cell Culture, Activity Assay

Journal: Frontiers in pharmacology

Article Title: Advanced in Vitro Safety Assessment of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders in Pregnancy.

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882997

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 6 | Effects of various phytochemicals on the production of β-hCG in BeWo b30 cells. Control consisted of cell culture media containing 0.2% DMSO; 5 µM forskolin (FSK) was used for the FSK control. Data are presented as mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments (n = 3–4; in triplicate): *p < 0.05. (A) Comparison of β-hCG secretion of BeWo b30 cells upon 48-h treatment with increasing concentrations of phytochemicals (1, 3, 10, and 30 µM) vs. FSK control. (B) Effects on inhibition of FSK-induced differentiation of BeWo b30 cells. FSK treatment (5 µM) led to increased β-hCG levels in all phytochemicals after an incubation of 48 h, except for hyperforin, where the FSK-induced differentiation was inhibited at concentrations of 1, 3, and 10 µM. Based on preliminary data (not shown), different concentration gradients (ranging from 0.03 up to 30 µM) of phytochemicals were individually determined in advance (before exposure). Cells were pre- treated with the different phytochemicals for 24 h, before the addition of FSK for another 24 h. (C) Effects of hyperforin on inhibition of FSK-induced differentiation of BeWo b30 cells normalized per amount of protein (μg). FSK treatment (5 µM) led to decreased β-hCG levels after an hyperforin incubation of 48 h at concentrations of 1, 3, and 10 µM.

Article Snippet: The following phytochemicals were obtained from commercial sources: hyperforin, hyperforin dicyclohexylammonium salt and linalool (Sigma-Aldrich), protopine and valerenic acid (Extrasynthese), and valtrate (Toronto Research Chemicals).

Techniques: Control, Cell Culture, Comparison, Inhibition, Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Cardiovascular Therapeutics

Article Title: Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Cardiovascular Medicines and Plant Products

doi: 10.1155/2019/9402781

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic plant-cardiovascular drugs interactions.

Article Snippet: Atorvastatin , Hypericum perforatum , Movina®, Standardized extract to hyperforin 3-6% (Boehringer Ingelheim, Sweden) , 300 mg×2/day, 28 days , Antidepressant , Hyperforin Hypericin Flavonoids , ↓ C max , AUC ↓ atorvastatin efficiency , ↑CYP3A4 ↑P-gp , [ , ] .

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Capsules, Coagulation, Protein Binding, Clinical Proteomics