gpr4 Search Results


gene exp gpr4 mm01322176 s1  (Thermo Fisher)
94
Thermo Fisher gene exp gpr4 mm01322176 s1
Mice were treated with <t>GPR4</t> antagonist NE-52-QQ57 or vehicle control for up to 6 days starting from 4 dpi. ( A) The survival rate of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice is increased by the administration of the GPR4 antagonist. Ten-month-old male and female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice were intranasally inoculated with 1000 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 (N=12). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, * p < 0.05. ( B) Daily body weight changes in GPR4 antagonist-treated or vehicle control mice were recorded up to 10 dpi or until the mice reached the humane endpoint. The difference in body weight change was analyzed using multiple unpaired t-tests. ( C) RT-qPCR was conducted to quantify the expression of GPR4 in non-infected (PBS) and SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse lung tissues (compared using two-tailed Mann-Whitney test) (N=6 for PBS no virus inoculation; N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). Error bars indicate means ± SEM. ** p < 0.01. (D) Representative pictures of mouse lung histology (H&E staining) with mild or severe histopathology in vehicle or GPR4 antagonist-treated mice. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) Mouse lung histopathological score. Two-tailed Student’s t-test did not indicate significance.
Gene Exp Gpr4 Mm01322176 S1, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/bio_rxiv__2024__12__26__630404-80-7-46?v=Thermo+Fisher
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
gene exp gpr4 mm01322176 s1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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antibodies against gpr4  (Alomone Labs)
92
Alomone Labs antibodies against gpr4
Mice were treated with <t>GPR4</t> antagonist NE-52-QQ57 or vehicle control for up to 6 days starting from 4 dpi. ( A) The survival rate of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice is increased by the administration of the GPR4 antagonist. Ten-month-old male and female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice were intranasally inoculated with 1000 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 (N=12). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, * p < 0.05. ( B) Daily body weight changes in GPR4 antagonist-treated or vehicle control mice were recorded up to 10 dpi or until the mice reached the humane endpoint. The difference in body weight change was analyzed using multiple unpaired t-tests. ( C) RT-qPCR was conducted to quantify the expression of GPR4 in non-infected (PBS) and SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse lung tissues (compared using two-tailed Mann-Whitney test) (N=6 for PBS no virus inoculation; N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). Error bars indicate means ± SEM. ** p < 0.01. (D) Representative pictures of mouse lung histology (H&E staining) with mild or severe histopathology in vehicle or GPR4 antagonist-treated mice. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) Mouse lung histopathological score. Two-tailed Student’s t-test did not indicate significance.
Antibodies Against Gpr4, supplied by Alomone Labs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/myers_ryan_jeffrey__2023__molecular_and_cellular_mechanisms_for_ionic_acid_base_and_ammonia_regulation_in_gill_ionocytes_of-137-0-6?v=Alomone+Labs
Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
antibodies against gpr4 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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gpr4 tango  (Addgene inc)
92
Addgene inc gpr4 tango
Mice were treated with <t>GPR4</t> antagonist NE-52-QQ57 or vehicle control for up to 6 days starting from 4 dpi. ( A) The survival rate of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice is increased by the administration of the GPR4 antagonist. Ten-month-old male and female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice were intranasally inoculated with 1000 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 (N=12). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, * p < 0.05. ( B) Daily body weight changes in GPR4 antagonist-treated or vehicle control mice were recorded up to 10 dpi or until the mice reached the humane endpoint. The difference in body weight change was analyzed using multiple unpaired t-tests. ( C) RT-qPCR was conducted to quantify the expression of GPR4 in non-infected (PBS) and SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse lung tissues (compared using two-tailed Mann-Whitney test) (N=6 for PBS no virus inoculation; N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). Error bars indicate means ± SEM. ** p < 0.01. (D) Representative pictures of mouse lung histology (H&E staining) with mild or severe histopathology in vehicle or GPR4 antagonist-treated mice. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) Mouse lung histopathological score. Two-tailed Student’s t-test did not indicate significance.
Gpr4 Tango, supplied by Addgene inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pmc11259170-222-8-9?v=Addgene+inc
Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
gpr4 tango - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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gene exp gpr4 hs00947870 m1  (Thermo Fisher)
86
Thermo Fisher gene exp gpr4 hs00947870 m1
Mice were treated with <t>GPR4</t> antagonist NE-52-QQ57 or vehicle control for up to 6 days starting from 4 dpi. ( A) The survival rate of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice is increased by the administration of the GPR4 antagonist. Ten-month-old male and female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice were intranasally inoculated with 1000 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 (N=12). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, * p < 0.05. ( B) Daily body weight changes in GPR4 antagonist-treated or vehicle control mice were recorded up to 10 dpi or until the mice reached the humane endpoint. The difference in body weight change was analyzed using multiple unpaired t-tests. ( C) RT-qPCR was conducted to quantify the expression of GPR4 in non-infected (PBS) and SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse lung tissues (compared using two-tailed Mann-Whitney test) (N=6 for PBS no virus inoculation; N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). Error bars indicate means ± SEM. ** p < 0.01. (D) Representative pictures of mouse lung histology (H&E staining) with mild or severe histopathology in vehicle or GPR4 antagonist-treated mice. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) Mouse lung histopathological score. Two-tailed Student’s t-test did not indicate significance.
Gene Exp Gpr4 Hs00947870 M1, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pmc03053040-113-19--1?v=Thermo+Fisher
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
gene exp gpr4 hs00947870 m1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
86/100 stars
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polyclonal rabbit antibody against gpr44  (Atlas Antibodies)
86
Atlas Antibodies polyclonal rabbit antibody against gpr44
Fig. 4 In vitro autoradiography of [11C]AZ12204657 reveals focal binding patterns on pancreatic sections from non-diabetic human donors (a). The binding could be competed away with an excess of <t>GPR44</t> antagonist AZD3825 (b). Similar GPR44-mediated binding was seen in pancreatic sections from T2D donors (c, d). The focal binding corresponded to Islets of Langerhans as assessed by immunofluorescent insulin staining (e, f) (representative results from three independent experiments on human sections with measurements performed in duplicates). The islet specific targeting was further assessed by [11C]AZ12204657 binding to homogenates of purified human islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue preparations (results are from two independent experiments on homogenates with measurements performed in triplicates) (g). Binding of [11C]AZ12204657 in pancreatic sections from NHP was similarly focal in nature (h), consistent with the heterogeneous distribution of islets of Langerhans (i), and GPR44-mediated (j) (representative results from six independent experiments on NHP sections with measurements performed in singlets or duplicates)
Polyclonal Rabbit Antibody Against Gpr44, supplied by Atlas Antibodies, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pm30588560-165-19-27?v=Atlas+Antibodies
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
polyclonal rabbit antibody against gpr44 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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2-ethyl-3-(4-(e-3-(4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-propenyl)-benzyl)- 5,7-dimethyl-3h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine  (Dalton Pharma)
90
Dalton Pharma 2-ethyl-3-(4-(e-3-(4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-propenyl)-benzyl)- 5,7-dimethyl-3h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
Fig. 4 In vitro autoradiography of [11C]AZ12204657 reveals focal binding patterns on pancreatic sections from non-diabetic human donors (a). The binding could be competed away with an excess of <t>GPR44</t> antagonist AZD3825 (b). Similar GPR44-mediated binding was seen in pancreatic sections from T2D donors (c, d). The focal binding corresponded to Islets of Langerhans as assessed by immunofluorescent insulin staining (e, f) (representative results from three independent experiments on human sections with measurements performed in duplicates). The islet specific targeting was further assessed by [11C]AZ12204657 binding to homogenates of purified human islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue preparations (results are from two independent experiments on homogenates with measurements performed in triplicates) (g). Binding of [11C]AZ12204657 in pancreatic sections from NHP was similarly focal in nature (h), consistent with the heterogeneous distribution of islets of Langerhans (i), and GPR44-mediated (j) (representative results from six independent experiments on NHP sections with measurements performed in singlets or duplicates)
2 Ethyl 3 (4 (E 3 (4 Isopropyl Piperazin 1 Yl) Propenyl) Benzyl) 5,7 Dimethyl 3h Imidazo(4,5 B)pyridine, supplied by Dalton Pharma, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pmc06997876__mmc1-59-1-11?v=Dalton+Pharma
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
2-ethyl-3-(4-(e-3-(4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-propenyl)-benzyl)- 5,7-dimethyl-3h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
90/100 stars
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gpr4 inhibitor ne52-qq57  (MedKoo Inc)
90
MedKoo Inc gpr4 inhibitor ne52-qq57
Fig. 4 In vitro autoradiography of [11C]AZ12204657 reveals focal binding patterns on pancreatic sections from non-diabetic human donors (a). The binding could be competed away with an excess of <t>GPR44</t> antagonist AZD3825 (b). Similar GPR44-mediated binding was seen in pancreatic sections from T2D donors (c, d). The focal binding corresponded to Islets of Langerhans as assessed by immunofluorescent insulin staining (e, f) (representative results from three independent experiments on human sections with measurements performed in duplicates). The islet specific targeting was further assessed by [11C]AZ12204657 binding to homogenates of purified human islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue preparations (results are from two independent experiments on homogenates with measurements performed in triplicates) (g). Binding of [11C]AZ12204657 in pancreatic sections from NHP was similarly focal in nature (h), consistent with the heterogeneous distribution of islets of Langerhans (i), and GPR44-mediated (j) (representative results from six independent experiments on NHP sections with measurements performed in singlets or duplicates)
Gpr4 Inhibitor Ne52 Qq57, supplied by MedKoo Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pm39768215-31-0-5?v=MedKoo+Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
gpr4 inhibitor ne52-qq57 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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recombinant adenovirus for gpr4  (BioFocus DPI)
90
BioFocus DPI recombinant adenovirus for gpr4
HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with <t>GPR4</t> (A and B), OGR1 (C), TDAG8 (D), or G2A (E) plasmid, together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of test compounds. The concentration of test compounds was as follows; 0.1 to 10 μM for compound 1 (C1) and 10 μM for compound 2 (C2) and compound 3 (C3) in (A), the indicated concentration in (B), and 10 μM for all the test compounds in (C to E). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A and C-E): the maximal activity was 12.1 ± 3.8 for GPR4 at pH 6.8 in (A), 21.4 ± 7.1 for OGR1 at pH 6.4 in (C), 36.4 ± 0.4 for TDAG8 at pH 6.6 in (D), and 18.6 ± 6.7 for G2A at pH 6.4 in (E). In (B), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 7.0. Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. In (A), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05), while effects of all the test compounds at pH 7.2, 7.0, and 6.8 are significantly different from control (# p < 0.05). In (B), effect of C2 or C3 is significantly different from that of C1 (¶ p < 0.05). In (C to E), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).
Recombinant Adenovirus For Gpr4, supplied by BioFocus DPI, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pmc04466532-77-4-8?v=BioFocus+DPI
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
recombinant adenovirus for gpr4 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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human gpr4 mutants  (GenScript corporation)
90
GenScript corporation human gpr4 mutants
HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with <t>GPR4</t> (A and B), OGR1 (C), TDAG8 (D), or G2A (E) plasmid, together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of test compounds. The concentration of test compounds was as follows; 0.1 to 10 μM for compound 1 (C1) and 10 μM for compound 2 (C2) and compound 3 (C3) in (A), the indicated concentration in (B), and 10 μM for all the test compounds in (C to E). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A and C-E): the maximal activity was 12.1 ± 3.8 for GPR4 at pH 6.8 in (A), 21.4 ± 7.1 for OGR1 at pH 6.4 in (C), 36.4 ± 0.4 for TDAG8 at pH 6.6 in (D), and 18.6 ± 6.7 for G2A at pH 6.4 in (E). In (B), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 7.0. Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. In (A), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05), while effects of all the test compounds at pH 7.2, 7.0, and 6.8 are significantly different from control (# p < 0.05). In (B), effect of C2 or C3 is significantly different from that of C1 (¶ p < 0.05). In (C to E), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).
Human Gpr4 Mutants, supplied by GenScript corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pm37142444-97-0-21?v=GenScript+corporation
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
human gpr4 mutants - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
90/100 stars
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gpr4-sirna  (Ribobio co)
90
Ribobio co gpr4-sirna
HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with <t>GPR4</t> (A and B), OGR1 (C), TDAG8 (D), or G2A (E) plasmid, together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of test compounds. The concentration of test compounds was as follows; 0.1 to 10 μM for compound 1 (C1) and 10 μM for compound 2 (C2) and compound 3 (C3) in (A), the indicated concentration in (B), and 10 μM for all the test compounds in (C to E). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A and C-E): the maximal activity was 12.1 ± 3.8 for GPR4 at pH 6.8 in (A), 21.4 ± 7.1 for OGR1 at pH 6.4 in (C), 36.4 ± 0.4 for TDAG8 at pH 6.6 in (D), and 18.6 ± 6.7 for G2A at pH 6.4 in (E). In (B), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 7.0. Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. In (A), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05), while effects of all the test compounds at pH 7.2, 7.0, and 6.8 are significantly different from control (# p < 0.05). In (B), effect of C2 or C3 is significantly different from that of C1 (¶ p < 0.05). In (C to E), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).
Gpr4 Sirna, supplied by Ribobio co, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pmc07905863-75-6-11?v=Ribobio+co
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
gpr4-sirna - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
90/100 stars
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antibodies against gpr4  (Novus Biologicals)
88
Novus Biologicals antibodies against gpr4
HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with <t>GPR4</t> (A and B), OGR1 (C), TDAG8 (D), or G2A (E) plasmid, together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of test compounds. The concentration of test compounds was as follows; 0.1 to 10 μM for compound 1 (C1) and 10 μM for compound 2 (C2) and compound 3 (C3) in (A), the indicated concentration in (B), and 10 μM for all the test compounds in (C to E). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A and C-E): the maximal activity was 12.1 ± 3.8 for GPR4 at pH 6.8 in (A), 21.4 ± 7.1 for OGR1 at pH 6.4 in (C), 36.4 ± 0.4 for TDAG8 at pH 6.6 in (D), and 18.6 ± 6.7 for G2A at pH 6.4 in (E). In (B), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 7.0. Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. In (A), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05), while effects of all the test compounds at pH 7.2, 7.0, and 6.8 are significantly different from control (# p < 0.05). In (B), effect of C2 or C3 is significantly different from that of C1 (¶ p < 0.05). In (C to E), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).
Antibodies Against Gpr4, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 88/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/ppr0309342-204-11-15?v=Novus+Biologicals
Average 88 stars, based on 1 article reviews
antibodies against gpr4 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
88/100 stars
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gpr4 sirnas  (Shanghai GenePharma)
90
Shanghai GenePharma gpr4 sirnas
HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with <t>GPR4</t> (A and B), OGR1 (C), TDAG8 (D), or G2A (E) plasmid, together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of test compounds. The concentration of test compounds was as follows; 0.1 to 10 μM for compound 1 (C1) and 10 μM for compound 2 (C2) and compound 3 (C3) in (A), the indicated concentration in (B), and 10 μM for all the test compounds in (C to E). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A and C-E): the maximal activity was 12.1 ± 3.8 for GPR4 at pH 6.8 in (A), 21.4 ± 7.1 for OGR1 at pH 6.4 in (C), 36.4 ± 0.4 for TDAG8 at pH 6.6 in (D), and 18.6 ± 6.7 for G2A at pH 6.4 in (E). In (B), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 7.0. Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. In (A), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05), while effects of all the test compounds at pH 7.2, 7.0, and 6.8 are significantly different from control (# p < 0.05). In (B), effect of C2 or C3 is significantly different from that of C1 (¶ p < 0.05). In (C to E), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).
Gpr4 Sirnas, supplied by Shanghai GenePharma, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gpr4/pm34293432-46-1-11?v=Shanghai+GenePharma
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
gpr4 sirnas - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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Image Search Results


Mice were treated with GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 or vehicle control for up to 6 days starting from 4 dpi. ( A) The survival rate of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice is increased by the administration of the GPR4 antagonist. Ten-month-old male and female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice were intranasally inoculated with 1000 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 (N=12). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, * p < 0.05. ( B) Daily body weight changes in GPR4 antagonist-treated or vehicle control mice were recorded up to 10 dpi or until the mice reached the humane endpoint. The difference in body weight change was analyzed using multiple unpaired t-tests. ( C) RT-qPCR was conducted to quantify the expression of GPR4 in non-infected (PBS) and SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse lung tissues (compared using two-tailed Mann-Whitney test) (N=6 for PBS no virus inoculation; N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). Error bars indicate means ± SEM. ** p < 0.01. (D) Representative pictures of mouse lung histology (H&E staining) with mild or severe histopathology in vehicle or GPR4 antagonist-treated mice. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) Mouse lung histopathological score. Two-tailed Student’s t-test did not indicate significance.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mice were treated with GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 or vehicle control for up to 6 days starting from 4 dpi. ( A) The survival rate of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice is increased by the administration of the GPR4 antagonist. Ten-month-old male and female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice were intranasally inoculated with 1000 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 (N=12). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, * p < 0.05. ( B) Daily body weight changes in GPR4 antagonist-treated or vehicle control mice were recorded up to 10 dpi or until the mice reached the humane endpoint. The difference in body weight change was analyzed using multiple unpaired t-tests. ( C) RT-qPCR was conducted to quantify the expression of GPR4 in non-infected (PBS) and SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse lung tissues (compared using two-tailed Mann-Whitney test) (N=6 for PBS no virus inoculation; N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). Error bars indicate means ± SEM. ** p < 0.01. (D) Representative pictures of mouse lung histology (H&E staining) with mild or severe histopathology in vehicle or GPR4 antagonist-treated mice. Scale bar = 20 µm. (E) Mouse lung histopathological score. Two-tailed Student’s t-test did not indicate significance.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Control, Infection, Transgenic Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY, Virus, Staining, Histopathology

Representative images of H&E staining of mouse brains and their associated hemorrhage rates. Black arrows indicate hemorrhagic areas in the brain of a SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse treated with vehicle. Note no hemorrhagic areas in the brains of mice treated with GPR4 antagonist. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative images of H&E staining of mouse brains and their associated hemorrhage rates. Black arrows indicate hemorrhagic areas in the brain of a SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse treated with vehicle. Note no hemorrhagic areas in the brains of mice treated with GPR4 antagonist. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Staining, Infection

(A) Fold change in gene expression levels of specified cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory genes assessed via RT-qPCR and normalized to 18S rRNA, compared with vehicle controls in mouse lung homogenates (N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). * p < 0.05. (B) Cytokine/chemokine protein levels in mouse lung tissues measured by the Luminex multiplex platform. (C) Cytokine/chemokine protein levels in mouse serum measured by the Luminex multiplex platform. Statistical differences in cytokine/chemokine levels were analyzed using the one-tailed Mann-Whitney test (N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). Error bars indicate mean ± SEM.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Fold change in gene expression levels of specified cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory genes assessed via RT-qPCR and normalized to 18S rRNA, compared with vehicle controls in mouse lung homogenates (N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). * p < 0.05. (B) Cytokine/chemokine protein levels in mouse lung tissues measured by the Luminex multiplex platform. (C) Cytokine/chemokine protein levels in mouse serum measured by the Luminex multiplex platform. Statistical differences in cytokine/chemokine levels were analyzed using the one-tailed Mann-Whitney test (N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). Error bars indicate mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Luminex, Multiplex Assay, One-tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY

Other cytokines and chemokines in the lung tissues of SARS-CoV-2-infected mice treated with GPR4 antagonist or vehicle. Cytokine/chemokine protein levels in mouse lung tissues were measured by the Luminex multiplex platform.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: Other cytokines and chemokines in the lung tissues of SARS-CoV-2-infected mice treated with GPR4 antagonist or vehicle. Cytokine/chemokine protein levels in mouse lung tissues were measured by the Luminex multiplex platform.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Infection, Luminex, Multiplex Assay

Other cytokines and chemokines in the serum of SARS-CoV-2-infected mice treated with GPR4 antagonist or vehicle. Cytokine/chemokine protein levels in mouse serum were measured by the Luminex multiplex platform.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: Other cytokines and chemokines in the serum of SARS-CoV-2-infected mice treated with GPR4 antagonist or vehicle. Cytokine/chemokine protein levels in mouse serum were measured by the Luminex multiplex platform.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Infection, Luminex, Multiplex Assay

(A) RT-qPCR to quantify viral RNA levels in mouse lung tissues (RNA copies/μg lung RNA). The data were analyzed using the two-tailed unpaired t-test and shown in mean ± SEM (N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). (B) Plaque assays were analyzed to determine the infectious viral titers (PFU/mg lung) in the lungs of vehicle- and GPR4 antagonist-treated mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. The limit of detection (LOD = 5 PFU/mg lung) is indicated by the dotted horizontal line. * p < 0.05. (C) Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleocapsid distribution in mouse brain through IHC. The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive viral staining in the mouse brain was assessed using a microscope (N=12 for vehicle, N=12 for GPR4 antagonist). Scale bar = 20 μm. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. (D) SARS-CoV-2 positive ratio in the brains of mice treated with GPR4 antagonist or vehicle. Analyzed using the Chi-square test, * p < 0.05.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) RT-qPCR to quantify viral RNA levels in mouse lung tissues (RNA copies/μg lung RNA). The data were analyzed using the two-tailed unpaired t-test and shown in mean ± SEM (N=12 for vehicle, N=10 for GPR4 antagonist). (B) Plaque assays were analyzed to determine the infectious viral titers (PFU/mg lung) in the lungs of vehicle- and GPR4 antagonist-treated mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. The limit of detection (LOD = 5 PFU/mg lung) is indicated by the dotted horizontal line. * p < 0.05. (C) Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleocapsid distribution in mouse brain through IHC. The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive viral staining in the mouse brain was assessed using a microscope (N=12 for vehicle, N=12 for GPR4 antagonist). Scale bar = 20 μm. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. (D) SARS-CoV-2 positive ratio in the brains of mice treated with GPR4 antagonist or vehicle. Analyzed using the Chi-square test, * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test, Infection, Virus, Staining, Microscopy

(A) A representative image of a CD4 + immune cell cluster in the mouse brain, visualized using IHC with an antibody detecting CD4. Scale bar = 20 μm. (B) Quantification of the number of CD4 + immune cell clusters in the brain using microscopy. Analyzed using the two-tailed Student’s t-test, ** p < 0.01. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. N=12 for the vehicle group, and N=12 for the GPR4 antagonist group. (C) A representative image of a CD8 + immune cell cluster in the mouse brain, visualized using IHC with an antibody detecting CD8. Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) Quantification of the number of CD8 + immune cell clusters in the brain using microscopy. Analyzed by the two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. N=12 for the vehicle group, and N=12 for the GPR4 antagonist group.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) A representative image of a CD4 + immune cell cluster in the mouse brain, visualized using IHC with an antibody detecting CD4. Scale bar = 20 μm. (B) Quantification of the number of CD4 + immune cell clusters in the brain using microscopy. Analyzed using the two-tailed Student’s t-test, ** p < 0.01. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. N=12 for the vehicle group, and N=12 for the GPR4 antagonist group. (C) A representative image of a CD8 + immune cell cluster in the mouse brain, visualized using IHC with an antibody detecting CD8. Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) Quantification of the number of CD8 + immune cell clusters in the brain using microscopy. Analyzed by the two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. N=12 for the vehicle group, and N=12 for the GPR4 antagonist group.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Microscopy, Two Tailed Test

CD4 + and CD8 + T cell clusters in the mouse lung. GPR4 antagonist treatment reduced CD4 + and CD8 + immune cell clusters in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice. Black arrows indicate immune cell clusters. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD4 + and CD8 + T cell clusters in the mouse lung. GPR4 antagonist treatment reduced CD4 + and CD8 + immune cell clusters in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice. Black arrows indicate immune cell clusters. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Infection

(A) GPR4 antagonist incubated with SARS-CoV-2 (100 PFU) for 1h before infecting Vero E6 cells. GPR4 antagonist-containing medium was removed after infection. Plaque formation was measured to determine the infectious SARS-CoV-2 viral titer. N=3 samples. (B) Viral RNA in the SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells (100 PFU inoculum) treated with various concentrations of GPR4 antagonist was determined 24 h post-infection. The GPR4 antagonist was maintained in the medium until cell assessment 24 h after treatment. Viral RNA isolated from Vero E6 cells was quantified by RT- qPCR targeting the nucleocapsid gene. N=3 samples. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. (C) The infectious viral load by the plaque assay in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells (30 PFU inoculum) in response to treatment of vehicle DMSO or GPR4 antagonist at 72 h post-infection. The GPR4 antagonist was maintained in the medium for 72 h until cell assessment. N=3 samples. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Comparisons between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnett’s test. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) GPR4 antagonist incubated with SARS-CoV-2 (100 PFU) for 1h before infecting Vero E6 cells. GPR4 antagonist-containing medium was removed after infection. Plaque formation was measured to determine the infectious SARS-CoV-2 viral titer. N=3 samples. (B) Viral RNA in the SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells (100 PFU inoculum) treated with various concentrations of GPR4 antagonist was determined 24 h post-infection. The GPR4 antagonist was maintained in the medium until cell assessment 24 h after treatment. Viral RNA isolated from Vero E6 cells was quantified by RT- qPCR targeting the nucleocapsid gene. N=3 samples. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. (C) The infectious viral load by the plaque assay in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells (30 PFU inoculum) in response to treatment of vehicle DMSO or GPR4 antagonist at 72 h post-infection. The GPR4 antagonist was maintained in the medium for 72 h until cell assessment. N=3 samples. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Comparisons between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnett’s test. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Incubation, Infection, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Plaque Assay

Viability of Vero E6 cells treated with the GPR4 antagonist. The viability of Vero E6 cells was approximately 100% relative to the DMSO control in the presence of 20 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, and 0.1 μM GPR4 antagonist for 24h. (A) CellTiter-Glo (CTG) assay. (B) MTT assay.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: Viability of Vero E6 cells treated with the GPR4 antagonist. The viability of Vero E6 cells was approximately 100% relative to the DMSO control in the presence of 20 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, and 0.1 μM GPR4 antagonist for 24h. (A) CellTiter-Glo (CTG) assay. (B) MTT assay.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: Control, CTG Assay, MTT Assay

ACE2 and TMPRSS2 RNA expressions in cells treated with the GPR4 antagonists in vitro . Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to assess ACE2 or TMPRSS2 RNA expressions in Vero E6, A549, Caco-2, and Lewis lung carcinoma cells after a 24h GPR4 antagonist treatment. Two-tailed Student’s t-tests were used to compare ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions between vehicle and GPR4 antagonist treatment in cell lines.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The GPR4 antagonist NE-52-QQ57 increases survival, mitigates the hyperinflammatory response and reduces viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice

doi: 10.1101/2024.12.26.630404

Figure Lengend Snippet: ACE2 and TMPRSS2 RNA expressions in cells treated with the GPR4 antagonists in vitro . Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to assess ACE2 or TMPRSS2 RNA expressions in Vero E6, A549, Caco-2, and Lewis lung carcinoma cells after a 24h GPR4 antagonist treatment. Two-tailed Student’s t-tests were used to compare ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions between vehicle and GPR4 antagonist treatment in cell lines.

Article Snippet: Commercial primers/probe sets specific for mouse Gpr4 (Mm01322176_s1), Il-1β (Mm00434228_m1), Il-6 (Mm00446190_m1), Il-10 (Mm01288386_m1), Il-18 (Mm00434226_m1), Tnf-α (Mm00443258_m1), Atf3 (Mm00476033_m1), Cox2/Ptgs2 (Mm00478374_m1), Cxcl2 (Mm00436450_m1), E-selectin (Mm00441278_m1), Icam1 (Mm00516023_m1), Vcam1 (Mm01320970_m1), mouse Ace2 (Mm01159006_m1), human ACE2 (Hs01085333_m1), mouse Tmprss2 (Mm00443687_m1), and human TMPRSS2 (Hs01122322_m1) were purchased from ThermoFisher and the expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA (HS99999901_s1) levels.

Techniques: In Vitro, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

Fig. 4 In vitro autoradiography of [11C]AZ12204657 reveals focal binding patterns on pancreatic sections from non-diabetic human donors (a). The binding could be competed away with an excess of GPR44 antagonist AZD3825 (b). Similar GPR44-mediated binding was seen in pancreatic sections from T2D donors (c, d). The focal binding corresponded to Islets of Langerhans as assessed by immunofluorescent insulin staining (e, f) (representative results from three independent experiments on human sections with measurements performed in duplicates). The islet specific targeting was further assessed by [11C]AZ12204657 binding to homogenates of purified human islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue preparations (results are from two independent experiments on homogenates with measurements performed in triplicates) (g). Binding of [11C]AZ12204657 in pancreatic sections from NHP was similarly focal in nature (h), consistent with the heterogeneous distribution of islets of Langerhans (i), and GPR44-mediated (j) (representative results from six independent experiments on NHP sections with measurements performed in singlets or duplicates)

Journal: EJNMMI research

Article Title: The development of a GPR44 targeting radioligand [ 11 C]AZ12204657 for in vivo assessment of beta cell mass.

doi: 10.1186/s13550-018-0465-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4 In vitro autoradiography of [11C]AZ12204657 reveals focal binding patterns on pancreatic sections from non-diabetic human donors (a). The binding could be competed away with an excess of GPR44 antagonist AZD3825 (b). Similar GPR44-mediated binding was seen in pancreatic sections from T2D donors (c, d). The focal binding corresponded to Islets of Langerhans as assessed by immunofluorescent insulin staining (e, f) (representative results from three independent experiments on human sections with measurements performed in duplicates). The islet specific targeting was further assessed by [11C]AZ12204657 binding to homogenates of purified human islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue preparations (results are from two independent experiments on homogenates with measurements performed in triplicates) (g). Binding of [11C]AZ12204657 in pancreatic sections from NHP was similarly focal in nature (h), consistent with the heterogeneous distribution of islets of Langerhans (i), and GPR44-mediated (j) (representative results from six independent experiments on NHP sections with measurements performed in singlets or duplicates)

Article Snippet: Confocal microscopy of GPR44, insulin, and glucagon in human islets of Langerhans Briefly, human islets were stained with a polyclonal rabbit antibody against GPR44 (HPA014259, dilution 1:10, Atlas Antibodies, Stockholm, Sweden), as well as with rat anti-human insulin (MAB1417, dilution 1:100, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Alexa647-conjugated mouse anti-glucagon (G2654, dilution 1:500, Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: In Vitro, Autoradiography, Binding Assay, Staining, Purification

Fig. 3 In vitro ligand binding to membranes of HEK293 cells transfected with human recombinant GPR44 and ligand potency at human GPR44 using a clonal beta cell line (EndoC-βH1). [3H]ProstaglandinD2 (a) and [6-3H-phenoxy]-AZ12204657 (b) binding to human GPR44 was displaced with increasing concentrations of AZ12204657. Results are from two independent experiments with three measurements at each concentration and presented as mean ± SD. The potency of AZ12204657 to inhibit the signal of 15(R)-15-methyl-PGD2 in human beta cells measured by the label free DMR assay (c). Results are from two independent experiments with two measurements at each concentration and presented as mean ± SD

Journal: EJNMMI research

Article Title: The development of a GPR44 targeting radioligand [ 11 C]AZ12204657 for in vivo assessment of beta cell mass.

doi: 10.1186/s13550-018-0465-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3 In vitro ligand binding to membranes of HEK293 cells transfected with human recombinant GPR44 and ligand potency at human GPR44 using a clonal beta cell line (EndoC-βH1). [3H]ProstaglandinD2 (a) and [6-3H-phenoxy]-AZ12204657 (b) binding to human GPR44 was displaced with increasing concentrations of AZ12204657. Results are from two independent experiments with three measurements at each concentration and presented as mean ± SD. The potency of AZ12204657 to inhibit the signal of 15(R)-15-methyl-PGD2 in human beta cells measured by the label free DMR assay (c). Results are from two independent experiments with two measurements at each concentration and presented as mean ± SD

Article Snippet: Confocal microscopy of GPR44, insulin, and glucagon in human islets of Langerhans Briefly, human islets were stained with a polyclonal rabbit antibody against GPR44 (HPA014259, dilution 1:10, Atlas Antibodies, Stockholm, Sweden), as well as with rat anti-human insulin (MAB1417, dilution 1:100, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Alexa647-conjugated mouse anti-glucagon (G2654, dilution 1:500, Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: In Vitro, Ligand Binding Assay, Transfection, Recombinant, Binding Assay, Concentration Assay

Fig. 5 Confocal microscopy of a human islet, showing antibody staining for cell nucleus (blue, a), insulin (green, b), GPR44 (red, c) and Glucagon (purple, d). Co-staining between insulin and GPR44 shows up in yellow in the composite image (e)

Journal: EJNMMI research

Article Title: The development of a GPR44 targeting radioligand [ 11 C]AZ12204657 for in vivo assessment of beta cell mass.

doi: 10.1186/s13550-018-0465-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5 Confocal microscopy of a human islet, showing antibody staining for cell nucleus (blue, a), insulin (green, b), GPR44 (red, c) and Glucagon (purple, d). Co-staining between insulin and GPR44 shows up in yellow in the composite image (e)

Article Snippet: Confocal microscopy of GPR44, insulin, and glucagon in human islets of Langerhans Briefly, human islets were stained with a polyclonal rabbit antibody against GPR44 (HPA014259, dilution 1:10, Atlas Antibodies, Stockholm, Sweden), as well as with rat anti-human insulin (MAB1417, dilution 1:100, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Alexa647-conjugated mouse anti-glucagon (G2654, dilution 1:500, Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Staining

HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with GPR4 (A and B), OGR1 (C), TDAG8 (D), or G2A (E) plasmid, together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of test compounds. The concentration of test compounds was as follows; 0.1 to 10 μM for compound 1 (C1) and 10 μM for compound 2 (C2) and compound 3 (C3) in (A), the indicated concentration in (B), and 10 μM for all the test compounds in (C to E). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A and C-E): the maximal activity was 12.1 ± 3.8 for GPR4 at pH 6.8 in (A), 21.4 ± 7.1 for OGR1 at pH 6.4 in (C), 36.4 ± 0.4 for TDAG8 at pH 6.6 in (D), and 18.6 ± 6.7 for G2A at pH 6.4 in (E). In (B), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 7.0. Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. In (A), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05), while effects of all the test compounds at pH 7.2, 7.0, and 6.8 are significantly different from control (# p < 0.05). In (B), effect of C2 or C3 is significantly different from that of C1 (¶ p < 0.05). In (C to E), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Characterization of Imidazopyridine Compounds as Negative Allosteric Modulators of Proton-Sensing GPR4 in Extracellular Acidification-Induced Responses

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129334

Figure Lengend Snippet: HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with GPR4 (A and B), OGR1 (C), TDAG8 (D), or G2A (E) plasmid, together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of test compounds. The concentration of test compounds was as follows; 0.1 to 10 μM for compound 1 (C1) and 10 μM for compound 2 (C2) and compound 3 (C3) in (A), the indicated concentration in (B), and 10 μM for all the test compounds in (C to E). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A and C-E): the maximal activity was 12.1 ± 3.8 for GPR4 at pH 6.8 in (A), 21.4 ± 7.1 for OGR1 at pH 6.4 in (C), 36.4 ± 0.4 for TDAG8 at pH 6.6 in (D), and 18.6 ± 6.7 for G2A at pH 6.4 in (E). In (B), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 7.0. Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. In (A), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05), while effects of all the test compounds at pH 7.2, 7.0, and 6.8 are significantly different from control (# p < 0.05). In (B), effect of C2 or C3 is significantly different from that of C1 (¶ p < 0.05). In (C to E), effect of each test compound is significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The recombinant adenovirus for GPR4 was obtained from BioFocus (A Galapagos Company, Leiden, The Netherlands) and infected as described previously [ ].

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Luciferase, Incubation, Activity Assay, Concentration Assay, Control

GPR4-expressing CHO cells (A), GPR4-expressing COS7 cells (B), or TDAG8-expressing COS7 cells (C) were incubated for 30 min to measure cAMP accumulation under the indicated pH with or without 1 μM compound 1 (C1) and/or 1 μM forskolin (Fors). Results are expressed as means ± SD of three determinations of the representative experiment in (A) and expressed as means ± SEM of five determinations of three separate experiments in (B and C). The effect of compound 1 was significant (* p < 0.05). HUVECs infected with GPR4 adenovirus were incubated for 6 h in the presence of the indicated concentrations of compound 1 in (D and E) or in the presence of absence of 1 μM compound 1 in (F and G) at the indicated pH to measure mRNAs for VCAM-1 (D), ICAM-1 (E), CXCL2 (F), and IL-8 (G). The mRNA expression normalized to GAPDH was expressed as percentages of the value in the absence of compound 1 at pH 6.8. These values at pH 6.8 were 22.7 ± 6.6 for VCAM1 mRNA, 15.1 ± 4.1 for ICAM1 mRNA, 226 ± 20 for CXCL2 mRNA, 12.9 ± 0.9 for IL-8 mRNA (normalized to GAPDH x 10 3 ). The results are means ± SEM of three to five separate experiments. The effect of compound 1 was significant (* p < 0.05). (H) AoSMCs harvested from 10-cm dish were prelabeled with fura-2/AM. The cells were first incubated with compound 1 (1 μM) and then further incubated under indicated pH with or without LPA (1 μM) and SPC (20 μM) to monitor [Ca 2+ ] i . The net [Ca 2+ ] i change (peak value-basal value) at around 15 s was calculated. Data are means ± SEM from three separate experiments.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Characterization of Imidazopyridine Compounds as Negative Allosteric Modulators of Proton-Sensing GPR4 in Extracellular Acidification-Induced Responses

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129334

Figure Lengend Snippet: GPR4-expressing CHO cells (A), GPR4-expressing COS7 cells (B), or TDAG8-expressing COS7 cells (C) were incubated for 30 min to measure cAMP accumulation under the indicated pH with or without 1 μM compound 1 (C1) and/or 1 μM forskolin (Fors). Results are expressed as means ± SD of three determinations of the representative experiment in (A) and expressed as means ± SEM of five determinations of three separate experiments in (B and C). The effect of compound 1 was significant (* p < 0.05). HUVECs infected with GPR4 adenovirus were incubated for 6 h in the presence of the indicated concentrations of compound 1 in (D and E) or in the presence of absence of 1 μM compound 1 in (F and G) at the indicated pH to measure mRNAs for VCAM-1 (D), ICAM-1 (E), CXCL2 (F), and IL-8 (G). The mRNA expression normalized to GAPDH was expressed as percentages of the value in the absence of compound 1 at pH 6.8. These values at pH 6.8 were 22.7 ± 6.6 for VCAM1 mRNA, 15.1 ± 4.1 for ICAM1 mRNA, 226 ± 20 for CXCL2 mRNA, 12.9 ± 0.9 for IL-8 mRNA (normalized to GAPDH x 10 3 ). The results are means ± SEM of three to five separate experiments. The effect of compound 1 was significant (* p < 0.05). (H) AoSMCs harvested from 10-cm dish were prelabeled with fura-2/AM. The cells were first incubated with compound 1 (1 μM) and then further incubated under indicated pH with or without LPA (1 μM) and SPC (20 μM) to monitor [Ca 2+ ] i . The net [Ca 2+ ] i change (peak value-basal value) at around 15 s was calculated. Data are means ± SEM from three separate experiments.

Article Snippet: The recombinant adenovirus for GPR4 was obtained from BioFocus (A Galapagos Company, Leiden, The Netherlands) and infected as described previously [ ].

Techniques: Expressing, Incubation, Infection

Permanent cell line expressing GFP-conjugated GPR4 or V 1a vasopressin receptor was incubated for 1 h with or without 1 μM [Arg 8 ]-vasopressin (AVP) or 1 μM compound 1 (C1) under the indicated pH to monitor of receptor internalization. After fixation, nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue) and localization of GFP-receptor (green) was monitored. Scale bar: 20 μm. The results are representative of three to four separate experiments. The higher magnification image of the small square is shown in the large square.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Characterization of Imidazopyridine Compounds as Negative Allosteric Modulators of Proton-Sensing GPR4 in Extracellular Acidification-Induced Responses

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Permanent cell line expressing GFP-conjugated GPR4 or V 1a vasopressin receptor was incubated for 1 h with or without 1 μM [Arg 8 ]-vasopressin (AVP) or 1 μM compound 1 (C1) under the indicated pH to monitor of receptor internalization. After fixation, nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue) and localization of GFP-receptor (green) was monitored. Scale bar: 20 μm. The results are representative of three to four separate experiments. The higher magnification image of the small square is shown in the large square.

Article Snippet: The recombinant adenovirus for GPR4 was obtained from BioFocus (A Galapagos Company, Leiden, The Netherlands) and infected as described previously [ ].

Techniques: Expressing, Incubation, Staining

HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with plasmid of GPR4 (A and D), OGR1 (B), TDAG8 (C), or H165F/H269F double mutant of GPR4 (GPR4-mutant; E and F), together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of psychosine (Psy; 10 μM), N -acetyl-psychosine ( N Ac-Psy; 10 μM), or compound 1 (C1; 100 nM). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A-D), as shown in . In GPR4 mutant experiments (E and F), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 6.8 in wild-type GPR4 (A). Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. The effect of each test compound was significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Characterization of Imidazopyridine Compounds as Negative Allosteric Modulators of Proton-Sensing GPR4 in Extracellular Acidification-Induced Responses

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129334

Figure Lengend Snippet: HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with plasmid of GPR4 (A and D), OGR1 (B), TDAG8 (C), or H165F/H269F double mutant of GPR4 (GPR4-mutant; E and F), together with pRL-TK and pSRE-luc. The cells expressing the respective receptor and luciferase genes were then incubated for 6 h at the indicated pH to measure SRE promoter activity in the presence or absence of psychosine (Psy; 10 μM), N -acetyl-psychosine ( N Ac-Psy; 10 μM), or compound 1 (C1; 100 nM). SRE activity was estimated as the ratio of firefly (pSRE-luc) and Renilla (pRL-TK) luciferase activities and the results are shown as percentages of the maximal activity (ratio) obtained at optimum pH for each receptor in (A-D), as shown in . In GPR4 mutant experiments (E and F), the activity was expressed as percentages of the value obtained at pH 6.8 in wild-type GPR4 (A). Results are means ± SEM of 4 to 6 determinations from two to three separate experiments. The effect of each test compound was significantly different from control (* p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The recombinant adenovirus for GPR4 was obtained from BioFocus (A Galapagos Company, Leiden, The Netherlands) and infected as described previously [ ].

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Mutagenesis, Expressing, Luciferase, Incubation, Activity Assay, Control

Extracellular protons induce GPR4 activation through histidine residues and subsequent activation of G protein/effector systems, i . e ., G s /cAMP system and G 13 /Rho system, resulting in the mRNA expression of adhesion molecules and SRE transcriptional activation, respectively. Similarly to other GPCRs, GPR4 is desensitized by its internalization in response to extracellular acidification. Both imidazopyridine compound and psychosine inhibit the proton/GPR4 function but by different action modes with respect to the histidine susceptibility. See text more detail.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Characterization of Imidazopyridine Compounds as Negative Allosteric Modulators of Proton-Sensing GPR4 in Extracellular Acidification-Induced Responses

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Extracellular protons induce GPR4 activation through histidine residues and subsequent activation of G protein/effector systems, i . e ., G s /cAMP system and G 13 /Rho system, resulting in the mRNA expression of adhesion molecules and SRE transcriptional activation, respectively. Similarly to other GPCRs, GPR4 is desensitized by its internalization in response to extracellular acidification. Both imidazopyridine compound and psychosine inhibit the proton/GPR4 function but by different action modes with respect to the histidine susceptibility. See text more detail.

Article Snippet: The recombinant adenovirus for GPR4 was obtained from BioFocus (A Galapagos Company, Leiden, The Netherlands) and infected as described previously [ ].

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing