Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of GP2a. Bands positions are indicated in cm −1 .

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plots of molecular weight distribution ( A ) and molecular conformation ( B ) of GP2a. ( A ) Superimposed chromatograms of GP2a obtained by size exclusion chromatography connected with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index (RI) detectors; the RI trace shows the signals collected by the RI detector; the molar mass trace was fitted by laser light scattering signals and RI signals, indicating molecular weight distribution. ( B ) Log–log plot of r g versus Mw; RMS—root mean square.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Molecular Weight, Size-exclusion Chromatography, Refractive Index

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ion chromatogram of standard monosaccharides ( A ) and GP2a hydrolysate ( B ). Peaks in ( A ): 1 is fucose (Fuc), 2 is arabinose (Ara), 3 is rhamnose (Rha), 4 is galactose (Gal), 5 is glucose (Glc), 6 is xylose (Xyl), 7 is mannose (Man), 8 is fructose (Fru), 9 is ribose (Rib), 10 is galacturonic acid (GalA), 11 is guluronic acid (GulA), 12 is glucuronic acid (GlcA), and 13 is mannuronic acid (ManA). Peaks in ( B ): 1 is Fuc, 2 is Ara, 3 is Rha, 4 is Gal, 5 is Glc, 6 is Xyl, 7 is Man, 8 is GalA, and 9 is GlcA.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monosaccharide composition of GP2a.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Total ion chromatograms (TIC) of GP2a derivatives. ( A ) H/D, singly deuterated sample, referring to the carboxyl groups prereduced using sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) and secondary reduced using sodium borodeuteride (NaBD 4 ) after methylation. ( B ) D/D, doubly deuterated sample, referring to the carboxyl groups reduced using NaBD 4 before and after methylation. +EI: electron bombardment ion source.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Methylation analysis result of GP2a.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Methylation, Molecular Weight

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of GP2a at ( A ) 100×; ( B ) 250×; ( C ) 500×; ( D ) 1000×.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Electron Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of GP2a. ( A ) 1 H-NMR spectrum; ( B ) 13 C-NMR spectrum; ( C ) Heteronuclear single quantum relation (HSQC) spectrum; ( D ) Correlated spectroscopy (COSY) spectrum; ( E ) Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectrum; ( F ) Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectrum.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Spectroscopy

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR chemical shifts of GP2a recorded in D 2 O.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Residue

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Possible repeat unit structure of GP2a.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Control, Positive Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of GP2a on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Untreated cells were used as blank control; Cells treated with different GP2a concentrations (120, 240, and 300 µg/mL) were used as samples; Cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2 µg/mL) were used as positive control. Letter a represents significant difference compared with the blank control ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01); letter b represents significant difference compared with the positive control ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01).

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Control, Positive Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/ijms231911279

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of GP2a on cytokine production in RAW 264.7 cells. ELISA detection of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ( A ), interferon (IFN)-γ ( B ), interleukin (IL)-1β ( C ), IL-6 ( D ), and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) ( E ). Untreated cells were used as blank control; cells treated with different GP2a concentrations (120, 240, and 300 µg/mL) were used as sample; cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2 µg/mL) were used as positive control. Letter a represents significant difference compared with the blank control ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01); letter b represents significant difference compared with the positive control ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01).

Article Snippet: Thereafter, a culture medium with GP2a at various concentrations (7.5–300 µg/mL) was added and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. Meanwhile, untreated cells were used as blank control and the cells treated with 2 µg/mL LPS (MedChemExpress) were used as positive control.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, Positive Control