Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Gingipain regulates isoform switches of PD-L1 in macrophages infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94954-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. Mechanism of PD-L1 AS in macrophages modulated by gingipains derived from P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis infection and gingipain release influence PD-L1 AS in macrophages. The PD-L1IgV+ isoform, primarily upregulated by P. gingivalis, retains both IgV and IgC-like domains, which allowing it to bind to PD-1 on T cells and suppressing immune responses.

Article Snippet: At 24 h post-seeding, THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages by treatment with 100 nM phorbol myristate acetate for 48 h. The differentiated THP-1 cells were then treated separately with recombinant gingipains from P. gingivalis (RgpA, #CSB-EP338957PQP, CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY, Wuhan, China; RgpB, #CSB-EP310587EYA(A4), CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY, Wuhan, China; Kgp, #CSB-EP464342EXZ, CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY, Wuhan, China) at a concentration of 5 μg/mL, diluted in PBS, and incubated for 4 h in RPMI 1640 medium.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Infection

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo evaluation of palatal phenotypes under sonicated P. gingivalis treatment. a Experimental design and time schedule of the study. b Lateral and occlusal views and histological observation of mice palates after treatment with or without sonicated P. gingivalis (P. g). The arrowheads indicate the cleft. Bar, 200 μm. PS represents palatal shelves and T represents togue. c , d Frequency of cleft palate in P. g group compared with Control group, P value was calculated by Fisher’s exact test. e Sequential histological sections from E13.5 to E15.5, black arrows indicate the MES, red arrows indicate osteogenic center. Bar, 200 μm. The frequency of no mesenchymal confluence at E15 ( f ) and the frequency of cleft in control and P. g mice at E15.5 ( g ). h , i Masson staining and statistical analysis ( n = 3). red arrows indicate osteogenic center. Bar, 200 μm. The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by two-tailed Student’s t -test ( h )

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: In Vivo, Sonication, Control, Staining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exposure to P. gingivalis (P. g) facilitated the proliferation of MEPM cells and inhibited their apoptosis. a The growth curve of MEPM cells in P. g of different concentrations ( n = 6, ** P < 0.01). b AnnexinV-FITC/PI flow cytometric analysis and c statistical data of MEPM cell apoptosis ( n = 3). d , e PCNA IHC in E15.5 fetal palate from mice treated with or without P. g, with quantification of positive cells (right panel, n = 5). Bar, 100 μm. f , g , h TUNEL assay in E15.5 fetal palate from mice treated with or without P. g, with quantification of positive cells (right panel, n = 3). Bar, 100 μm. i Scratch assay for cell migration and cell migration rate was quantified by calculating the wound area ( j ) ( n = 9). The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test ( a , c , j ) or two-tailed Student’s t -test ( e , g , h ). All the P values were two-sided and adjustments were made for multiple comparisons

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: TUNEL Assay, Wound Healing Assay, Migration, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sonicated P. gingivalis (P. g) induced osteogenic inhibition is related to decreased TGFBR1 in MEPM cells. a , b The expression levels of ALP were detected using ALP staining and ALP assay ( n = 5). c Alizarin red S staining on 28 days and d the calcium concentration was determined by measuring the absorbance at 562 nm on a multiplate reader as shown in the bottom panel ( n = 3). Bar, 500 μm. e Western blot assay of the protein in classical TGFβ pathway. f , g TGFBR1 IHC in fetal palate from mice treated with or without P. g, with quantification of positive cells (right panel, n = 6). Bar, 100 μm. h , i The expression levels of ALP were detected using ALP staining and ALP assay ( n = 5). Bar, 500 μm. j Alizarin red S staining on 28 days and k the calcium concentration was determined by measuring the absorbance at 562 nm on a multiplate reader ( n = 3). Bar, 500 μm. The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test ( i , k ) or two-tailed Student’s t -test ( b , d , g ). All the P values were two-sided and adjustments were made for multiple comparisons

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Sonication, Inhibition, Expressing, Staining, ALP Assay, Concentration Assay, Western Blot, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sonicated P. gingivalis (P. g) induced TGFBR1 cleavage in MEPM cells by upregulating H4K12la/ADAM17. a Western blot assay of the markers in glycolysis and OXPHOs in MEPM cells treated with or without P. g. b The production of lactate ( n = 4). c Western blot analysis of Pan- and site-specific histone lactylation, with quantification of protein levels as shown in ( d ) ( n = 3). e Western blot analysis of H4K12la and H3K18la after added P. g and (or) FX-11, with quantification of protein levels as shown in ( f ) ( n = 3). g Western blot analysis of TGFBR1, with quantification of protein levels as shown in ( h ) ( n = 3). i ChIP-qPCR analysis of the ADAM17 promoters was performed using antibodies against H4K12la in MEPM cells ( n = 3). j Western blot analysis of ADAM17 after added P. g and (or) FX-11, with quantification of protein levels as shown in ( k ) ( n = 3). The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test ( d , f , h , k ) or two-tailed Student’s t -test ( b , i ). All the P values were two-sided and adjustments were made for multiple comparisons

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Sonication, Western Blot, ChIP-qPCR, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Co-staining of H4K12la/ADAM17/TGFBR1 in palate tissue. a The distribution and intensity of H4K12la and ADAM17 during palate development. Bar, 250 μm. b Co-staining of H4K12la/ADAM17/TGFBR1 at E15.5. P. g represents P. gingivalis. Bar, 100 μm

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sonicated P. gingivalis (P. g) induced abnormal fusion is related to decreased MerTK in macrophages. a , b AnnexinV-FITC/PI flow cytometric analysis and statistical data of MEE cell apoptosis ( n = 3). c Co-staining of MerTK positive macrophage (green) in TUNEL-positive regions (red), with d quantification of Free/MerTK-associated apoptotic cells ( n = 3). Free apoptotic cells, white arrows. MerTK associated apoptotic cells, white arrowheads. Bar, 100 μm. e Western blot analysis of MerTK in Raw 264.7 macrophage, with quantification of protein levels in ( f ) ( n = 3). g , h Representative fluorescent images showing engulfing of apoptotic MEE cells by Raw 264.7 macrophages in vitro and phagocytic index based on the fluorescent image ( n = 6). The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by two-tailed Student’s t -test

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Sonication, Staining, TUNEL Assay, Western Blot, In Vitro, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: In macrophages, glycolysis and H4K12la were also observed to increase upon exposure to P. gingivalis (P. g). a Western blot assay of the markers in glycolysis and OXPHOs in macrophages treated with or without P. g, with quantification of protein levels as shown in ( b ) ( n = 3). c The production of lactate ( n = 4). d Western blot analysis of Pan- and site-specific histone lactylation, with quantification of protein levels as shown in ( e ) ( n = 3). f Western blot analysis of H4K12la and H4K5la after added P. g and (or) FX-11, with ( g ) quantification of protein levels ( n = 3). The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test ( b , e , g ) or two-tailed Student’s t -test ( c ). All the P values were two-sided and adjustments were made for multiple comparisons

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Western Blot, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sonicated P. gingivalis (P. g) induced MerTK cleavage in Raw 264.7 macrophages by upregulating H4K12la/ADAM17. a Representative fluorescent images showing engulfing of apoptotic MEE cells by macrophages and ( b ) phagocytic index based on the fluorescent image ( n = 6). c Western blot analysis of MerTK, with ( d ) quantification of protein levels (n = 3). e ChIP-qPCR analysis of the ADAM17 promoters was performed using antibodies against H4K12la in macrophages ( n = 3). f Western blot analysis of ADAM17 after added P. g and (or) FX-11, with ( g ) quantification of protein levels ( n = 3). h Co-staining of H4K12la/ADAM17/MerTK. The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test ( b , d , g ) or two-tailed Student’s t -test ( e ). All the P values were two-sided and adjustments were made for multiple comparisons

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Sonication, Western Blot, ChIP-qPCR, Staining, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Macrophages exposed to sonicated P. gingivalis (P. g) cannot undergo a phenotypic switch upon efferocytosis during palate fusion, and M2-sEVs promoted MEPM osteogenesis while M1-sEVs inhibited it. a Co-staining of CD86 /CD206 and quantification of CD86/CD206 at b E15 or c E15.5. Bar, 200 μm ( n = 3). d Macrophages were polarized into M1 or M2 types in vitro a nd western blot analysis of CD86 and CD206 for identification. e Western blot analysis of osteogenic protein in MEPM cells treated with M1-sEVs or M2-sEVs, with ( f ) quantification of protein levels ( n = 3). g Alizarin red S staining on 21 days for MEPM cells treated with M1-sEVs or M2-sEVs and h the calcium concentration was determined by measuring the absorbance at 562 nm on a multiplate reader ( n = 3). The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test ( f , h ) or two-tailed Student’s t -test ( b , c ). All the P values were two-sided and adjustments were made for multiple comparisons

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Sonication, Staining, In Vitro, Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pharmacological ADAM17 inhibition ameliorated osteogenic abnormities in the sonicated P. gingivalis (P. g)-treated condition. a Lateral and occlusal views and histological observation of mice palates after treated with P. g and (or) GW280264X. Bar, 200 μm, PS represents palatal shelves and T represents togue. b The frequency of cleft. c Frequency of cleft palate in P. g group compared with other groups, P value was calculated by Fisher’s exact test. d Quantification of the sectional thickness of embryonic palate in the control and GW280264X group. e Western blot analysis of TGFBR1, with ( f ) quantification of protein levels ( n = 3). g Alizarin red S staining on 28 days and h the calcium concentration was determined by measuring the absorbance at 562 nm on a multiplate reader ( n = 3). Bar, 500 μm. i , j Masson staining and statistical analysis ( n = 4). Bar, 200 μm. The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test ( f , h , j ) or two-tailed Student’s t -test ( d ). All the P values were two-sided and adjustments were made for multiple comparisons

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Inhibition, Sonication, Control, Western Blot, Staining, Concentration Assay, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pharmacological ADAM17 inhibition ameliorated efferocytosis disorder and fusion failure. a Representative fluorescent images showing engulfing of apoptotic MEE cells by macrophages and b phagocytic index based on the fluorescent image ( n = 6). c Co-staining of MerTK positive macrophage (green) in TUNEL-positive regions (red), with d quantification of Free/MerTK-associated apoptotic cells ( n = 4). Bar, 200 μm. e Co-staining of CD86 /CD206 and f quantification of CD86/CD206 at E15.5 ( n = 4). Bar, 200 μm. The data are shown as the mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test ( b , d , f ). All the P values were two-sided and adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. P. g represents P. gingivalis

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Inhibition, Staining, TUNEL Assay, Comparison

Journal: International Journal of Oral Science

Article Title: Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis in pregnant mice enhances glycolysis and histone lactylation/ADAM17 leading to cleft palate in offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00347-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram of the etiology of CP caused by sonicated P. gingivalis . Glycolysis and H4K12la were enhanced in both macrophages and MEPM cells under P. gingivalis exposure which further promoted the transcription of ADAM17, subsequently mediated the shedding of MerTK in macrophages and TGFBR1 in MEPM cells and resulted in the suppression of efferocytosis and osteogenesis in fetal palate, eventually caused abnormalities in palate fusion and ossification. The abnormal efferocytosis also led to a predominance of M1 macrophages, which indirectly inhibited palatal osteogenesis via sEVs

Article Snippet: These samples were subsequently analyzed and quantified for the presence of P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA) using an RgpA-specific antibody (orb243611, biorbyt, UK) and Ancillary Reagent Kit (E-ELIR-K001, Elabscience, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Sonication

Journal: Signal transduction and targeted therapy

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis aggravates atherosclerotic plaque instability by promoting lipid-laden macrophage necroptosis.

doi: 10.1038/s41392-025-02251-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4 Gingipains play important roles in Pg-aggravated oxidative stress. Flow cytometry analyses of the ROS production (a) and the ratio of PI+ cells (b) in ox-LDL (60 μg/mL) loaded macrophages infected with Pg or KDP136 (MOI = 100). n = 4 per group. c Western blot analyses of RIPK3, p-MLKL, MLKL, and GAPDH expression in ox-LDL (60 μg/mL)-loaded macrophages infected with Pg or KDP136 (MOI = 100) for 24 h. GAPDH was used as the loading control. Flow cytometry analyses of the ox-LDL uptake (d), the ROS production (e), and the ratio of PI+ cells (f) in ox-LDL-loaded macrophages exposed to RgpA, RgpB, or Kgp (1 μg/mL). n = 5 per group in (d), n = 4 per group in (e, f). g Western blot analyses of RIPK3, p-MLKL, MLKL, and GAPDH expression in ox-LDL (60 μg/mL)-loaded macrophages treated with RgpA, RgpB, or Kgp (1 μg/ mL) for 24 h. GAPDH was used as the loading control. h The co-staining of RgpA and CD68 (macrophage marker) in the coronary plaques of human. Scale bar = 20 μm. i H&E, Oil Red O staining, and CD45 and F4/80 co-staining of the aortic root plaques from Apoe−/−mice infected with or without Pg or KDP136 for 8 weeks. Scale bar = 200 μm in H&E, scale bar = 100 μm in the rest images. j Quantitative analyses of plaque size, necrotic area, Oil Red O+ area, CD45, and F4/80-positive areas of the plaques in i. n = 6 per group. Results were presented as mean ± SD (a, b, d, e, f) or mean ± SEM (j). All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05

Article Snippet: Silver staining 207.9 μmol/L recombinant human FOXO3 (CSB-EP008836HU1, Cusabio) was incubated with 2.1 μmol/L RgpA (ab225982, Abcam), RgpB (CSB-EP310587EYA, Cusabio) or Kgp (CSB- EP690409PQP1, Cusabio) (37 °C, 60 min), followed by SDS-PAGE.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Infection, Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Staining, Marker

Journal: Signal transduction and targeted therapy

Article Title: Porphyromonas gingivalis aggravates atherosclerotic plaque instability by promoting lipid-laden macrophage necroptosis.

doi: 10.1038/s41392-025-02251-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6 Proteolysis of FOXO3 by gingipains upregulates the transcription of MSR1. a GO enrichment analysis of differential proteins between ox-LDL (60 μg/mL)-loaded macrophages treated with Pg (MOI = 100) versus PBS for 24 h (n = 4 per genotype). P < 0.05 represented statistically significant difference, and upregulated or downregulated proteins were identified with a fold-change (Pg/PBS) > 1.15 or <0.87. qRT-PCR (b) and Western blot (c) analyses of TPT1, BNIP3, FOXO3, CD74, HDAC4, PDCD4, and TAX1BP1 expression in ox-LDL (60 μg/mL)-loaded macrophages infected with Pg or KDP136 (MOI = 100) for 24 h. β-actin was used as control, and n = 4 per group (b). GAPDH was employed as the loading control in (c). Western blot analyses (d) and immunohistochemical staining (e) of FOXO3 in ox-LDL (60 μg/mL)-loaded macrophages infected with Pg, KDP136 (MOI = 100), RgpA, RgpB, Kgp, or Pg-LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. GAPDH was employed as the loading control in (d). Scale bar = 10 μm in (e). The co-staining of FOXO3 and F4/80 (macrophage marker) in the plaques of rabbit aortic arches (f), and mouse aortic roots (g). Scale bar = 20 μm. h Silver staining of recombinant human FOXO3 (rFOXO3, 207.9 μM) incubated with RgpA, RgpB or Kgp (2.1 μM) for 60 min at 37 °C. Red arrowhead points to original rFOXO3. Blue arrowhead points to RgpA. Orange arrowhead points to RgpB. Green arrowhead points to Kgp. Dashed lines encircle rFOXO3 fragments. i Western blot analyses of MSR1 expression in Foxo3 siRNA (si-Foxo3) transfected macrophages loaded with ox-LDL (60 μg/mL) and stimulated with RgpA, RgpB, or Kgp (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. GAPDH was used as control. Flow cytometry analyses of the ox-LDL uptake (j), ROS production (k), and the ratio of PI+ cells (l) in si-Foxo3 transfected macrophages treated with RgpA, RgpB, or Kgp (1 μg/mL) in the presence of ox-LDL (60 μg/mL). n = 4 per group. m Flow cytometry analyses of the ratio of PI+ cells in si-Foxo3 transfected macrophages pre-administrated with or without fucoidan (40 μg/mL) and exposed to ox-LDL (60 μg/mL) for 24 h. n = 4 per group. n Flow cytometry analyses of the proportion of PI+ cells in Msr1 and/or Foxo3 knockdown macrophages treated with ox- LDL (60 μg/mL) for 24 h. n = 4 per group. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (b) or one-way ANOVA (j–n). ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05

Article Snippet: Silver staining 207.9 μmol/L recombinant human FOXO3 (CSB-EP008836HU1, Cusabio) was incubated with 2.1 μmol/L RgpA (ab225982, Abcam), RgpB (CSB-EP310587EYA, Cusabio) or Kgp (CSB- EP690409PQP1, Cusabio) (37 °C, 60 min), followed by SDS-PAGE.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Expressing, Infection, Control, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Marker, Silver Staining, Recombinant, Incubation, Transfection, Flow Cytometry, Knockdown