Journal: Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences

Article Title: Considering the protective effect of exendin-4 against oxidative stress in spiral ganglion neurons

doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2023.69190.15076

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exendin-4 has antagonistic effect on kanamycin-induced SGNs damage

Article Snippet: Exendin-4 (exenatide) was purchased from MedChemExpress (New Jersey, USA), and the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan).

Techniques:

Journal: Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences

Article Title: Considering the protective effect of exendin-4 against oxidative stress in spiral ganglion neurons

doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2023.69190.15076

Figure Lengend Snippet: Kanamycin-induced ANF damage was reduced by exendin-4

Article Snippet: Exendin-4 (exenatide) was purchased from MedChemExpress (New Jersey, USA), and the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan).

Techniques:

Journal: Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences

Article Title: Considering the protective effect of exendin-4 against oxidative stress in spiral ganglion neurons

doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2023.69190.15076

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exendin-4 (100 nM) treatment could effectively antagonize the oxidative damage of SGNs induced by kanamycin (1 mM)

Article Snippet: Exendin-4 (exenatide) was purchased from MedChemExpress (New Jersey, USA), and the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan).

Techniques:

Journal: Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences

Article Title: Considering the protective effect of exendin-4 against oxidative stress in spiral ganglion neurons

doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2023.69190.15076

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of exendin-4 on the protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1

Article Snippet: Exendin-4 (exenatide) was purchased from MedChemExpress (New Jersey, USA), and the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Article Title: In vivo evaluation of an oral self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for exenatide.

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1: Precipitation of exenatide from 0.555 mM acetic acid (2 mg/mL) with DOC (●) and SDS (○). Precipitation of exenatide from 0.555 mM acetic acid (2 mg/mL) with DOC (○) and SDS (●). The precipitated exenatide-surfactant ion pair was isolated by centrifugation and the remaining exenatide analysed by HPLC. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3).

Article Snippet: Exenatide was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (United Kingdom).

Techniques: Isolation, Centrifugation

Journal: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Article Title: In vivo evaluation of an oral self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for exenatide.

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2: Log P (octanol/water) of aqueous exenatide solution pH 6.8 (black bar) and of

Article Snippet: Exenatide was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (United Kingdom).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Article Title: In vivo evaluation of an oral self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for exenatide.

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3: In vitro release of exenatide from solution (50 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.8) [●] and from exenatide/DOC SEDDS [○] at 37 °C over 6 h. Values are means of at least three experiments ± SD.

Article Snippet: Exenatide was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (United Kingdom).

Techniques: In Vitro

Journal: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Article Title: In vivo evaluation of an oral self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for exenatide.

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4: Mucus permeation study using transwell® system over 4 h at 37 °C. Percentage of permeated exenatide as a function of time: exenatide solution (14.3 mg/mL in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.8) (●) and exenatide/DOC SEDDS (○). Values are means of at least three experiments ± SD.

Article Snippet: Exenatide was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (United Kingdom).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Article Title: In vivo evaluation of an oral self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for exenatide.

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5: Cytotoxicity of exenatide/DOC SEDDS after 12 h incubation in concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL, 3 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 7 mg/mL10 mg/mL. Values are means of at least three experiments ± SD.

Article Snippet: Exenatide was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (United Kingdom).

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Article Title: In vivo evaluation of an oral self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for exenatide.

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6: Exenatide plasma concentration-time curve for orally administered exenatide/DOC SEDDS (dose: 150 µg) (○) and s.c. exenatide solution (dose: 20 µg) (●). Illustrated values are the means of at least three experiments ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: Exenatide was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (United Kingdom).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Article Title: In vivo evaluation of an oral self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for exenatide.

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7 (A+B): In vivo evaluated pharmacodynamics (A) Time dependent plasma glucose levels of rats treated with exenatide s.c. + glucose i.p. (■), exenatide/DOC SEDDS p.o. + glucose i.p. (◊), exenatide p.o. + glucose i.p. (○) and glucose i.p. alone (●). (B) AUC of plasma glucose levels. Values are means of at least three experiments ± SD.

Article Snippet: Exenatide was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (United Kingdom).

Techniques: In Vivo, Drug discovery, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: International journal of pharmaceutics

Article Title: Self-Emulsifying delivery systems for oral administration of exenatide: Hydrophobic ion pairs vs. Dry reverse micelles.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125711

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. A: HIP-interaction between the surfactant TOAB and the Exe B: Precipitation efficiency C: Zetapotenial & D: Log Poctanol/water of Exe ion paired with HIP counterions THPAB (yellow), TOAB (pink) and TDAB (green) in various molar ratios in water pH 7. Indicated values are means (n = 3) ± SD. Exe: exenatide acetate, THPAB: tetraheptylammonium bromide, TOAB: tetraoctylammonium bromide, TDAB: tetrakis(decyl)ammonium bromide.

Article Snippet: The active ingredient exenatide acetate (99.7 %) was obtained from BOC Sciences (New York, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: International journal of pharmaceutics

Article Title: Self-Emulsifying delivery systems for oral administration of exenatide: Hydrophobic ion pairs vs. Dry reverse micelles.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125711

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. A: micellization-interaction between the surfactant Span 80 and Exe; Investigation of the B: Critical micellar concentration, C: Water Uptake of sorbitan monooleate in a mixture of salicylic acid methyl ester and propylene glycol dilaurate (50:50; %,v/v) & D: Encapsulation Efficiency of Exe loaded into micelles at the different concentration 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10 (%,v/v). Exe: exenatide acetate.

Article Snippet: The active ingredient exenatide acetate (99.7 %) was obtained from BOC Sciences (New York, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Encapsulation

Journal: International journal of pharmaceutics

Article Title: Self-Emulsifying delivery systems for oral administration of exenatide: Hydrophobic ion pairs vs. Dry reverse micelles.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125711

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5. Log DSEDDS/AQ of A: Exe ion paired with various HIP counterions (1:10; Exe:counterion) THPAB (yellow), TOAB (pink) and TDAB (green) in the media: water pH 7, FaSSIF pH 6.5 and FaSSGF pH 1.6 and B: ExedRM at different concentrations: 2.5 (light blue); 5 (purple); 7.5 (green); 10 (nude) (%,v/v) in SEDDS. Indicated values are means (n = 3) ± SD. SEDDS: Self-emulsifying drug delivery system, AQ: aqueous medium, Exe: exenatide acetate, THPAB: Tetraheptylammonium bro mide, TOAB: tetraoctylammonium bromide, TDAB: Tetrakis(decyl)ammonium bromide, dRM: dry reverse micelles, FaSSIF: Fasted state simulated intestinal fluid, FaSSGF: Fasted state simulated gastric fluid.

Article Snippet: The active ingredient exenatide acetate (99.7 %) was obtained from BOC Sciences (New York, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: International journal of pharmaceutics

Article Title: Self-Emulsifying delivery systems for oral administration of exenatide: Hydrophobic ion pairs vs. Dry reverse micelles.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125711

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. Cell viability of Caco2 cells after 3 h treatment with A: blank SEDDS (purple) and Exe ion paired with various counterions (1:10; Exe:counterion) THPAB (yellow), TOAB (pink) and TDAB (green) incorporated in SEDDS & B: blank SEDDS (dark red) and ExedRM at different concentrations: 2,5 (light blue); 5 (purple); 7,5 (green); 10 (nude) (%,v/v) in SEDDS. Hemolysis of erythrocytes after 3 h of treatment with C: blank SEDDS (purple) and Exe ion paired with various counterions (1:10; Exe:counterion) THPAB (yellow), TOAB (pink) and TDAB (green) incorporated in SEDDS & D: blank SEDDS (dark red) and ExedRM at different concentrations: 2,5 (light blue); 5 (purple); 7,5 (green); 10 (nude) (%,v/v) in SEDDS. Indicated values are means (n = 4) ± SD. SEDDS: Self-emulsifying drug delivery system, Exe: exenatide acetate, THPAB: tetraheptylammonium bromide, TOAB: tetraoctylammonium bromide, TDAB: tetrakis(decyl)ammonium bromide, dRM: dry reverse micelles.

Article Snippet: The active ingredient exenatide acetate (99.7 %) was obtained from BOC Sciences (New York, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: International journal of pharmaceutics

Article Title: Self-Emulsifying delivery systems for oral administration of exenatide: Hydrophobic ion pairs vs. Dry reverse micelles.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125711

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7. A: Exenatide plasma concentration–time curve for orally administered Exe-SEDDS formulations with HIP (red) and dRM (blue) as well as aqueous Exe solution (green) (dose: 100 µg/kg bodyweight) and B: i.v. application of Exe solution (black) (dose: 10 µg/kg) C: Blood glucose level after oral administration of Exe- SEDDS formulations with HIP (red) and dRM (blue) as well as aqueous Exe solution (green) (dose: 100 µg/kg bodyweight) and D: i.v. application of Exe solution (black) (dose: 10 µg/kg). Indicated values are means (n = 5) ± SD. Exe: Exenatide, HIP: hydrophobic ion pairing, dRM: dry reverse micelles, SEDDS: self-emulsifying drug delivery system.

Article Snippet: The active ingredient exenatide acetate (99.7 %) was obtained from BOC Sciences (New York, USA).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Concentration Assay

Journal: Cancer cell

Article Title: Subversion of systemic glucose metabolism as a mechanism to support the growth of leukemia cells

doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Immunofluorescent staining for insulin in pancreas from normal, BN and MLL mice. (B) Glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) performed on normal, BN and MLL mice (n=4). (C) Glucose tolerance test (GTT) performed on normal and BN mice (n=6). (D-E) Fasting serum DPP4 (D) and active GLP-1 levels (E) in normal and BN mice (n=5). (F-I) Fasting serum insulin (F), serum IGFBP1 (G), serum FFAs (H), and BM and GAT leukemic burden (I) in exenatide treated BN mice (n=6). Data are represented as mean ± SD. See also Figure S4.

Article Snippet: Exenatide , Selleckchem , Cat# P1046.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Cancer cell

Article Title: Subversion of systemic glucose metabolism as a mechanism to support the growth of leukemia cells

doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.016

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Exenatide , Selleckchem , Cat# P1046.

Techniques: Recombinant, Control, SYBR Green Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, cDNA Synthesis, Retroviral, Plasmid Preparation, Software

Journal: Plant biotechnology journal

Article Title: Oral delivery of bioencapsulated exendin-4 expressed in chloroplasts lowers blood glucose level in mice and stimulates insulin secretion in beta-TC6 cells

doi: 10.1111/pbi.12008

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of transgene integration. (a) Schematic representation of the flanking sequence probe (0.81 kb) and expected products of the untransformed and transplastomic tobacco chloroplast genome when digested with HindIII (H). Southern blot probe was generated using BamHI (B) and BglII (B′). Primers used for transgene amplification are represented by arrows. Amino acid sequence indicates the hinge, furin cleavage site, and EX4 (bold letter). Asterisk represents resistant amino acid against DPP-IV. C-terminal 9-amino acid is represented by dotted line. (b) The amplification of genomic DNA fragment with 3P/3M and 5P/2M primer sets to check transgene integration. M, DNA size marker; WT, untransformed; #5, 6, and 9, transplastomic lines; Ve, CTB-EX4 containing pLD vector. (c) Southern blot analysis of CTB-EX4 transplastomic lines showing homoplasmy.

Article Snippet: The buffer was then removed and cells were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with the various concentrations of purified CTB-EX4, commercial EX4 (California Peptide Research) and glucose (10 mM) for 45 min at 37°C.

Techniques: Sequencing, Southern Blot, Generated, Amplification, Marker, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Plant biotechnology journal

Article Title: Oral delivery of bioencapsulated exendin-4 expressed in chloroplasts lowers blood glucose level in mice and stimulates insulin secretion in beta-TC6 cells

doi: 10.1111/pbi.12008

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification and functional evaluation of CTB-EX4. Western blot analysis of total leaf homogenate (H, 5 μg) and soluble (S, 5 μg) protein probed with anti-CTB (a) or anti-EX4 (b) antibodies. Lane 1, 6.25; 2, 12.5; 3, 25 ng of purified cholera toxin B subunit; +, with DTT; −, without DTT; #6 and 9, CTB-EX4 transplastomic lines; WT, untransformed. (c) Percentage of CTB-EX4 in the total leaf protein from mature leaves at different harvesting time. (d) GM1 ELISA assay for evaluation of CTB-EX4 pentamer assembly. CTB, positive control (10 ng); F, fresh leaf; L, lyophilized CTB-EX4 transplastomic plant extracts (5 μg of total leaf protein), respectively; WT, untransformed total leaf protein (5 μg), BSA, negative control. Data shown are means ± SD of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The buffer was then removed and cells were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with the various concentrations of purified CTB-EX4, commercial EX4 (California Peptide Research) and glucose (10 mM) for 45 min at 37°C.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Western Blot, Purification, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Positive Control, Negative Control

Journal: Plant biotechnology journal

Article Title: Oral delivery of bioencapsulated exendin-4 expressed in chloroplasts lowers blood glucose level in mice and stimulates insulin secretion in beta-TC6 cells

doi: 10.1111/pbi.12008

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lyophilization and characterization. (a) Amount of CTB-EX4 protein in fresh (F) and lyophilized (L) leaves. (b) Western blot analysis of fresh and lyophilized leaves expressing CTB-EX4. Equal quantity (50 mg) of fresh and lyophilized material was extracted in same volume (300 μl) of extraction buffer. Samples were loaded in a serial dilution as indicated. Western blot analysis with anti-CTB (c) and anti-EX4 (d) polyclonal antibody to evaluate long-term stability of lyophilized CTB-EX4 after storage at room temperature for 10 months. F, fresh leaf; L, 10-month old lyophilized leaf. Total leaf protein (5 μg) was loaded in each lane. CTB, Positive or negative control (20 ng). Samples were incubated for 10 min with DTT (100 mM) or boiled for 2 minutes. (e) Western blot analysis to evaluate stability of PA in lyophilized lettuce leaves after storage at room temperature for 2 (1), 4 (2), and 6 (3) months. PA, standard (100 ng), WT, untransformed lettuce. Total soluble protein (3 μg) was loaded in each lane. (f) Antigen stability after 3 months of storage, and lyophilization for different durations: (1) 24, (2) 48 and (3) 72 hrs. Fold increase of total protein (g) and specific antigen (h) after lyophilization. PA, lettuce transplastomic plant expressing PA; CTB-Pins, lettuce transplastomic plant expressing CTB-Proinsulin; white bar, fresh material; grey bar, lyophilized material. (i) Western blot analysis of fresh (F) and lyophilized (L) leaves expressing PA. Total soluble protein (10 μl) was loaded after equal quantity (50 mg) was extracted in same volume (300 μl) of extraction buffer. (j) Microbial burden of leaves expressing PA. 1, fresh leaf; 2, lyophilized leaf; 3, commercially available freeze-dried alfalfa capsules. (k) Simplified diagram of capsulation of lyophilized transplastomic leaf material. Data shown are means ± SD of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The buffer was then removed and cells were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with the various concentrations of purified CTB-EX4, commercial EX4 (California Peptide Research) and glucose (10 mM) for 45 min at 37°C.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Serial Dilution, Negative Control, Incubation

Journal: Plant biotechnology journal

Article Title: Oral delivery of bioencapsulated exendin-4 expressed in chloroplasts lowers blood glucose level in mice and stimulates insulin secretion in beta-TC6 cells

doi: 10.1111/pbi.12008

Figure Lengend Snippet: Purification of CTB-EX4 and pancreatic cell line assay. Western blot (a) and silver staining (b) of purified CTB-EX4. 1–3, CTB standard proteins of 12.5, 25, and 37.5 ng; 4, wild type total leaf protein (5 μg); 5, soluble fraction of CTB-EX4 before purification (5 μg); 6, soluble fraction of CTB-EX4 after purification (5 μg); 7–9, washed fractions; 10–12, elution fractions. (c, d) Furin cleavage assay of purified CTB-EX4. CTB, standard (25 ng); −F, without furin; +F, with furin; M, protein size marker; M′, ultra-low range protein size marker; arrow head, cleaved CTB (12.7 kDa); arrow, cleaved EX4 (4.2 kDa); dots and numbers, locations of monomer and oligomers of CTB-EX4. Proteins were resolved on 12% (c) and 16% (d) of Tricine-SDS-PAGE. (e) Mouse pancreatic cell line assay. Commercial EX4 (1X =5 nM) and partially purified CTB-EX4 (1X = 32 nM, concentration based on the molecular weight of the CTB) were added to beta-TC6 cells. The graph was normalized to PBS value which was used as a negative control. Insulin secretion was compared at three different concentrations in each group, with duplicate samples, using 88 wells of insulin detection kit. Data shown are means ± SD (n=6).

Article Snippet: The buffer was then removed and cells were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with the various concentrations of purified CTB-EX4, commercial EX4 (California Peptide Research) and glucose (10 mM) for 45 min at 37°C.

Techniques: Purification, Western Blot, Silver Staining, Cleavage Assay, Marker, SDS Page, Concentration Assay, Molecular Weight, Negative Control

Journal: Plant biotechnology journal

Article Title: Oral delivery of bioencapsulated exendin-4 expressed in chloroplasts lowers blood glucose level in mice and stimulates insulin secretion in beta-TC6 cells

doi: 10.1111/pbi.12008

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of functionality of CTB-EX4 in mice after oral gavage or injection. Glucose (2g/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally at t=60 (arrows). (a) Mice were orally gavaged with lyophilized untransformed (WT) and CTB-EX4 plant leaf materials (EX4) at t=0. One outlier was removed from control group because of no glucose spike at t=90. (b) Mice were given i.p. injection of PBS (200 μl) and commercial EX4 resuspended in PBS (0.01 μg in 200 μl) at t=0. Glucose measurements were made 2 or 3 times for each mouse, for a total of 288 evaluations of blood glucose levels in mouse sera. Single factor ANOVA was performed to test significant difference between groups statistically. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: The buffer was then removed and cells were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with the various concentrations of purified CTB-EX4, commercial EX4 (California Peptide Research) and glucose (10 mM) for 45 min at 37°C.

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Diabetologia

Article Title: Locally delivered GLP-1 analogues liraglutide and exenatide enhance microvascular perfusion in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes

doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4918-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative skin perfusion response to microinjection of the GLP-1 analogues exenatide and liraglutide, compared with saline control, in a lean individual; the graph represents a typical pattern of response that was observed across all participants ( n =63). The arrow denotes time of microinjection

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with medium only (control), exenatide or liraglutide for 10 min ( n = 8 per condition) and eNOS phosphorylation was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit (eNOS Phospho-Ser 1176 [catalogue No.: OKAG01931], Aviva Systems Biology, San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Microinjection, Analogues, Saline, Control

Journal: Diabetologia

Article Title: Locally delivered GLP-1 analogues liraglutide and exenatide enhance microvascular perfusion in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes

doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4918-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Skin perfusion response to microinjection of exenatide, liraglutide, ACh and saline in the lean, obese and type 2 diabetes groups ( n =21 in each group). ( a ) Stabilised response and ( b ) total perfusion response to saline (squares), exenatide (circles), liraglutide (diamonds) and ACh (triangles). Data are presented as median (25th–75th percentile). The saline response was significantly lower than the responses to exenatide, liraglutide and ACh, respectively (stabilised response [ a ] and total response [ b ]) in all participant groups (*** p <0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank tests). There was no difference in the response to exenatide, liraglutide or ACh between the participant groups. T2DM, type 2 diabetes

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with medium only (control), exenatide or liraglutide for 10 min ( n = 8 per condition) and eNOS phosphorylation was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit (eNOS Phospho-Ser 1176 [catalogue No.: OKAG01931], Aviva Systems Biology, San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Microinjection, Saline

Journal: Diabetologia

Article Title: Locally delivered GLP-1 analogues liraglutide and exenatide enhance microvascular perfusion in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes

doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4918-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exenatide and liraglutide increase eNOS phosphorylation and nitrate levels. ( a ) eNOS phosphorylation: after initial starvation, human microvascular endothelial cells (HCMEC/D3s) were treated with exenatide and liraglutide for 10 min. Controls were treated with 0.1% BSA medium only. Phosphorylation data were normalised to total eNOS ( n =8). ( b ) Nitrate levels: HCMEC/D3s were treated with exenatide and liraglutide for 24 h ( n =9). Controls were treated with medium only. For both ( a ) and ( b ), data are expressed as percentage of control, with control set at 100%, and are presented as median (25th–75th percentile). * p <0.05, ** p <0.01 vs control, Wilcoxon sign rank test.

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with medium only (control), exenatide or liraglutide for 10 min ( n = 8 per condition) and eNOS phosphorylation was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit (eNOS Phospho-Ser 1176 [catalogue No.: OKAG01931], Aviva Systems Biology, San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Control