Journal: International Journal of Optomechatronics

Article Title: Measurement of Surface Interfacial Tension as a Function of Temperature Using Pendant Drop Images

doi: 10.1080/15599612.2011.633206

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. Left) Actual image of a pendant drop; Right) Binary image resulting from edge detection (color figure available online).

Article Snippet: This could be achieved using available edge detection routines (for example, MATLAB’s image processing toolbox, Photoshop, etc.).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: LPA 1 signaling drives Schwann cell dedifferentiation in experimental autoimmune neuritis

doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02350-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA 1 mitigates disease severity in EAN. a Active EAN was induced in Lewis rats, which were treated with the LPA 1 receptor antagonist AM095 once daily after developing first clinical symptoms at 10 dpi. While there was no significant impact of AM095 around the peak of disease, disease severity was significantly ameliorated over the course of the remission phase. A significant difference was observed from 20 dpi until the end of the experiment at 28 dpi. Each dot indicates mean clinical scores ± s.e.m. b Cumulative clinical scores of individual animals obtained from day 0 to the end of the experiment at 28 dpi. Animals were pooled from three independent experiments. N = 21 (Vehicle)/23 (AM095). c Representative images of semi-thin toluidine blue-stained sections of sciatic nerves at 28 dpi. d Axon diameter histogram indicates a significant increase in the number of large-caliber (≥ 8 µm) myelinated axons following AM095 treatment ( N = 4). e G-ratios were plotted against axon diameters; overlapping results indicate comparability of both treatment groups with regard to axon diameter distributions and myelination. f In accordance with this finding, the assessment of g-ratios (the numerical ratio between axonal and myelinated fiber diameter) does not indicate any differences with regard to myelin thickness ( N = 4). Data represent mean ± s.e.m. P ≤ 0.05*. Scale bar indicates 50 µm

Article Snippet: The LPA 1 receptor antagonist AM095 [ ] was obtained from ApexBio (Houston, TX, USA) and dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% methylcellulose (Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Inhibition, Staining

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: LPA 1 signaling drives Schwann cell dedifferentiation in experimental autoimmune neuritis

doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02350-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Minor impact of AM095 treatment on immune cell infiltration. Immune cell infiltration was assessed by counting the number of CD3 + (T-lymphocytes) and CD11b/c + (myeloid cells) on sciatic nerve sections in randomly selected fields. a Representative images of immune cell infiltration at peak of disease at 14 dpi, and early remission phase at 21 dpi. b + c No significant difference was observed in the number of infiltrating CD3+ cells between peak of disease and remission phase ( N = 9/8/4/4 from left to right). d + e While there was no significant reduction in CD3 + cells at 14 dpi, we recognized a slight decrease in myeloid cells under AM095 at 21 dpi ( N = 5/5/5/6 from left to right)). Cell counts were normalized to area. Data represent mean ± s.e.m. P ≤ 0.05*. Scale bars indicate 50 µm

Article Snippet: The LPA 1 receptor antagonist AM095 [ ] was obtained from ApexBio (Houston, TX, USA) and dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% methylcellulose (Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: LPA 1 signaling drives Schwann cell dedifferentiation in experimental autoimmune neuritis

doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02350-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hemogram profiles indicate no impact of AM095 a circulating leukocytes. At 21 dpi, hemogram profiles were generated from blood samples taken by cardiac puncture immediately after animals were sacrificed. No differences were detected in basic parameters including a erythrocytes, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT) and b platelets. c The total number of circulating leukocytes was unaffected by treatment with AM095. d Coherently, no significant differences were observed for subpopulations including lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Data represent mean ± s.e.m. N = 7 for each column

Article Snippet: The LPA 1 receptor antagonist AM095 [ ] was obtained from ApexBio (Houston, TX, USA) and dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% methylcellulose (Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Generated

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: LPA 1 signaling drives Schwann cell dedifferentiation in experimental autoimmune neuritis

doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02350-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: AM095 treatment decreases the number of dedifferentiating Schwann cells. Schwann cell dedifferentiation was investigated via immunohistochemistry by counting the number Sox2-positive cells in randomly selected fields on sciatic nerve sections. a + b A significant reduction of Sox2-positive cells with AM095 was observed at 21 dpi ( N = 5/5). c + d This effect was even more pronounced at 28 dpi ( N = 8/8). e + f In accordance with this finding, the number of differentiated Sox10-positive cells was significantly increased under treatment with AM095 at 28 dpi ( N = 8/8). The number of Sox2/10-positive cells was related to the total number of cells stained with DAPI and normalized to vehicle-treated controls. Data represent normalized mean ± s.e.m. P ≤ 0.05*, P ≤ 0.01**. Scale bars indicate 50 µm

Article Snippet: The LPA 1 receptor antagonist AM095 [ ] was obtained from ApexBio (Houston, TX, USA) and dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% methylcellulose (Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Neurology

Article Title: Top 100 Most-Cited Papers in Neuropathic Pain From 2000 to 2020: A Bibliometric Study

doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.765193

Figure Lengend Snippet: The 100 most-cited papers in Neuropathic pain field.

Article Snippet: 48 , Inoue, M , Inoue Makoto, Rashid Md Harunor, Fujita Ryousuke, et al. Initiation of neuropathic pain requires lysophosphatidic acid receptor signaling [J]. Nat Med, 2004, 10: 712-8. , 372 , 21.88 , 23.

Techniques: Animal Model, Comparison, Diagnostic Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Ligation, Disruption, Blocking Assay, Gene Expression, Activation Assay, Inhibition, Expressing, Activity Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Journal of cellular physiology

Article Title: Estrogen increases the expression of BKCa and impairs the contraction of colon smooth muscle via upregulation of sphingosine kinase 1.

doi: 10.1002/jcp.31106

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 5 Loss of SphK1 alleviate E2‐induced intestinal dysmotility. (a) Western blot analysis of relative expression of SphK1 in the mouse colonic smooth muscle layers from WT‐vehicle, WT‐E2, MUT‐vehicle, and MUT‐E2 groups. Vehicle: DMSO in corn oil. β‐Actin is the protein loading control. (b) Recordings of colonic circular muscle strip contractions after exposure to CCh (10−4 mol/L). Upper panel: representative image of contraction tone; lower panel: quantification of maximum contraction of colonic ring stimulated by CCh expressed as tension. ****p < 0.0001, n = 6. (c) Gastrointestinal transit time representing the time to expel the first red fecal pellet following oral gavage of carmine red dye measured in WT‐vehicle, WT‐E2, MUT‐vehicle, and MUT‐E2 mice. *p < 0.05, n = 6. (d) Distal colonic transit time for bead expulsion in mice from WT‐vehicle, WT‐E2, MUT‐vehicle, and MUT‐E2 groups. *p < 0.05, n = 6. (e) Fecal water contents in mice from WT‐vehicle, WT‐E2, MUT‐ vehicle, and MUT‐E2 groups. *p < 0.05, n = 6. (f) Number of feces in 2 h in mice from WT‐vehicle, WT‐E2, MUT‐vehicle, and MUT‐E2 groups. *p < 0.05, n = 6. (g) The fluorescence intensity of intercellular Ca2+ after stimulation of CCh in primary rat colonic SMCs treated with E2, E2 and SphK1‐siNC, SphK1 siRNA, and DMS (N,N‐dimethyl‐sphingosine, SphK1 inhibitor). Colonic SMCs were transfected for 24 h with SphK1‐siNC, SphK1 siRNA or treated with DMS before E2 treatment. Left panel: fluorescence intensity relative to baseline fluorescence intensity (F/F0). Right panel: peak fluorescence intensity relative to baseline intensity (F/F0). The peak fluorescence intensity was the maximum intensity after CCh stimulation. *p < 0.05. (h) Fluorescence intensity of intercellular Ca2+ in primary rat colonic SMCs treated with E2, E2 and SphK1‐siNC, S1PR1, S1PR2, or S1PR3 siRNA. Colonic SMCs were transfected for 24 h with SphK1‐siNC, S1PR1, S1PR2, or S1PR3 siRNA before E2 treatment. Left panel: fluorescence intensity relative to baseline fluorescence intensity (F/F0). Right panel: peak fluorescence intensity relative to baseline intensity (F/F0). *p < 0.05. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; E2, estrogen; MUT, mutant; siRNA, small interring RNA; SMCs, smooth muscle cells; SphK1, sphingosine kinase 1; S1PR, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor; WT, wild‐type.

Article Snippet: Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor (S1PR) S1PR1 and S1PR2 antibodies were purchased from Proteintech.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Stripping Membranes, Fluorescence, Transfection, Mutagenesis

Journal: Journal of cellular physiology

Article Title: Estrogen increases the expression of BKCa and impairs the contraction of colon smooth muscle via upregulation of sphingosine kinase 1.

doi: 10.1002/jcp.31106

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 7 Loss of SphK1 reduces E2‐induced S1PR upregulation. (a) Relative mRNA expression of S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 in the SMCs treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20 μM E2. **p < 0.01. (b) Relative mRNA expression of S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 in the SMCs treated with S1P for 0, 0.5,1, 3, 6, and 12 h. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. (c) Western blot analysis of relative expression of S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 in the mice colonic smooth muscle (SM) layers from WT‐vehicle, WT‐E2, MUT‐vehicle, and MUT‐E2 groups. Vehicle: DMSO in corn oil. β‐Actin is the protein loading control. (d) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining for S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 from mice colonic SM. Scale bars = 50 μm. (e) Relative mRNA expression of S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 from mice colonic SM examined by qPCR. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.0001. (f) Relative mRNA expression of S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 in the SMCs transfected with SphK1 siRNA or SphK1‐siNC with or without subsequent 24 h E2 treatment (50 nM). GAPDH is the protein loading control. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. (g)Graphic abstract. BKCa, large conductance calcium‐activated potassium channel; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; E2, estrogen; ERs, estrogen receptors; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; MUT, mutant; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; siRNA, small interring RNA; SMCs, smooth muscle cells; SP, sphingosine; SphK1, sphingosine kinases 1; S1P, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate; S1PR, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor; WT, wild‐type; →, promote; ┨, inhibit.

Article Snippet: Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor (S1PR) S1PR1 and S1PR2 antibodies were purchased from Proteintech.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Transfection, Mutagenesis, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) reduces hepatocyte growth factor-induced migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via S1P receptor 2

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209050

Figure Lengend Snippet: The HuH7 cell extract was subjected to SDS-PAGE with subsequent Western blot analysis using antibodies against S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4, S1PR5 or GAPDH.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against S1PR1, S1PR2 and S1PR5 were obtained from Proteintech Group, Inc. (Rosemont, IL).

Techniques: SDS Page, Western Blot