Journal: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Cytostatic Bacterial Metabolites Interfere with 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel Efficiency in 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells.

doi: 10.3390/molecules29133073

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 9. Cadaverine and indolepropionic acid interfere with the cytostatic effect of doxorubicin. 4T1 cells were plated in 96-well plates (1500 cells/well). Cells were treated with doxorubicin alone or in combination with CAD (0.8 µM), IS (4 µM) or IPA (1 µM) for 48 h, and then cell numbers were determined by MTT assay. Data are presented as means ± SEM, from at least three biological replicates. Individual assays were measured in quadruplicate or in triplicate. Values were normalized to vehicle-treated cells (absorbance is equal to 1). Nonlinear regression (Graphpad “[Inhibitor] vs. response (four parameters)” utility) was performed on datasets to obtain IC50 and Hill slope values. Normality was determined for the inhibitory curves using the D’Agostino and Pearson normality test, while for the IC50 values and the Hill slope values the Shapiro–Wilk test was used. Statistical difference between the inhibitory curves was determined using a two-way ANOVA test, and all data points were compared with each other (in Tukey post hoc tests). For the comparison of the IC50 and Hill slope values, a non-paired, two-sided t-test was applied. ### indicates p < 0.001 for DOX-treated vs. vehicle-treated cells. * represents significance at p < 0.05 between the indicated groups. Abbreviations: CAD—cadaverine; DOX—doxorubicin; IPA—indolepropionic acid; and IS—indoxylsulfate.

Article Snippet: Liposomal Encapsuled Doxorubicin (DOX-NP, cat # 300112) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA) and a stock solution of 50 mM was prepared.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Comparison

Journal: Molecular Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Role of the Phospholipase A 2 Receptor in Liposome Drug Delivery in Prostate Cancer Cells

doi: 10.1021/mp500174p

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of PLA2R1 knockdown on chemotherapeutic-induced toxicity in PC-3 cells. Cells were treated with docetaxel (A), cisplatin (B), or Dox (C) for 72 h. MTT assays were used to determine the effect of knocking down PLA2R1 on chemotherapeutic-induced cytotoxicity. The effect of PLA2R1 on doxorubicin-induced toxicity was further assessed at 72 h using phase contrast microscopy at 10× magnification (D). Data in panels A–C are represented as the mean ± SD of at least three separate experiments ( n = 3/study). Data in panel D are indicative of at least three separate experiments.

Article Snippet: Doxorubicin (Dox) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Knockdown, Microscopy

Journal: Molecular Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Role of the Phospholipase A 2 Receptor in Liposome Drug Delivery in Prostate Cancer Cells

doi: 10.1021/mp500174p

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of PLA2R1 knockdown on the toxicity of doxorubicin encapsulated in SSL and SPRL in PC-3 cells. PLA2R1 knockdown cells and those expressing scrambled shRNA were treated with 2.5 μM concentrations of Dox encapsulated in SSL or SPRL. MTT assays (A) and phase contrast microscopy at 40× magnification (B) were used to determine the effect of PLA2R1 knockdown on cytotoxicity. Data in panel A are represented as the mean ± SEM of at least three separate experiments ( n = 3/study). *Indicates a significant difference ( p < 0.05) as compared to cells transfected with scrambled shRNA. Data in panel E are indicative of at least three separate experiments.

Article Snippet: Doxorubicin (Dox) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Knockdown, Expressing, shRNA, Microscopy, Transfection

Journal: Molecular Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Role of the Phospholipase A 2 Receptor in Liposome Drug Delivery in Prostate Cancer Cells

doi: 10.1021/mp500174p

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of PLA2R1 knockdown on DiO and doxorubicin uptake from SSL and SPRL in PC-3 cells. PC-3 cells were treated with liposomes containing Dox and DiO for 24 to 72 h. The efficiency of DiO and drug uptake via SSL (A, B) and SPRL (C, D) was quantified using flow cytometry. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM of at least three separate experiments ( n = 3/study). *Indicates a significant difference ( p < 0.05) as compared to cells expressing scrambled shRNA.

Article Snippet: Doxorubicin (Dox) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Knockdown, Liposomes, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, shRNA

Journal: Journal of the American Chemical Society

Article Title: High-Throughput Aptamer Characterization via Real-Time Nuclease Digestion

doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c17561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Demonstrating the generalizability of RT-Exo to characterize aptamers with distinct structures binding various targets. (A) Structure of the adenosine aptamer conjugate A23T-R91–4bp. (B) RT-Exo assay data showing fluorescence over time at different concentrations of adenosine, and (C) specificity of A23T-R91–4bp as determined using the RT-Exo assay. (D) Structure of the THC aptamer conjugate THC1.2-R91–4bp. (E, F) RT-Exo assay data for THC1.2-R91–4bp (E) binding to THC and (F) specificity. (G) Structure of the cocaine aptamer conjugate MNS4.1-R91–4bp. (H, I) RT-Exo assay data for MNS4.1-R91–4bp (H) binding to cocaine and (I) specificity. THCC: (±)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ 9 -THC, CBN: cannabinol, THCV: tetrahydrocannabivarin, THCA: THC carboxylic acid A, CBD: cannabidiol, CBDA: cannabidiolic acid, CBGA: cannabigerolic acid, COC: cocaine, AMP: amphetamine, MTC: methcathinone, PENT: pentylone, CLO: clonazepam, CAF: caffeine, PRO: procaine, ACM: acetaminophen, IBU: ibuprofen, NIC: nicotine, BE: benzoylecgonine, MEPH: mephedrone, MDPV: methylenedioxypyrovalerone, FENT: fentanyl, METH: (+)-methamphetamine, MOR: morphine, MTP: methylphenidate, HER: heroin, PSE: pseudoephedrine, MTD: methadone, BZC: benzocaine, SCP: scopolamine, FLU: fluoxetine, SER: serotonin, DOPA: dopamine, LAC: lactose, MAN: mannitol, LIDO: lidocaine, DPH: diphenhydramine, LEV: levamisole, OXY: oxycodone, QUI: quinine, FUB: AB-FUBINACA, ALP: alprazolam, DIAZ: diazepam.

Article Snippet: Levamisole HCl was purchased from MP Biomedicals.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The Reinstatement of a Forgotten Infantile Memory

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.27.678956

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic of the behavioral protocol to trigger reinstatement of a forgotten infantile memory. Mice underwent contextual fear conditioning (cFC) training in infancy (P19), followed in adulthood by exposure to reminders of the CONTEXT and the AVERSIVE stimulus experienced during cFC training. The recall of the reinstated memory (REINSTATED recall) was tested in the CONTEXT one day after the final reminder. All behavioral sessions in adulthood were spaced by one day. (B) Freezing at CONTEXT reminder in adulthood was low in mice fear conditioned at P19, similar to animals that never experienced conditioning (Naϊve animals. Dunnett’s test, p = 0.634), and significantly higher in adult-conditioned animals (p < 0.001), indicating infantile amnesia. One-way ANOVA, F(2, 38) = 51.93, p < 0.001, r2 = 0.7321. n 2 11 mice per group. (C) At REINSTATED recall, mice conditioned at P19 expressed robust freezing (Dunnett’s test, p = 0.007), significantly higher than naϊve animals and comparable to animals conditioned during adulthood (> P60) only when both CONTEXT and AVERSIVE reminders were given. No reinstatement was observed in animals lacking either the CONTEXT (Dunnett’s test, p = 0.970) or the AVERSIVE (p > 0.999) reminder. One-way ANOVA, F(25, 226) = 11.18, p < 0.001, r2 = 0.5529; Brown-Forsythe test, F(25, 226) = 2.622, p < 0.001; Bartlett’s test, x2 = 81.17, p < 0.001. n 2 9 mice per group. (D) AAV-mediated expression of excitatory DREADD (hM3Dq-mCherry, yellow) in PV interneurons of dorsal hippocampus. Representative histological image showing mCherry expression in PV+ neurons in dorsal CA3 and CA1 (single-plane image, 10x objective; scale bar = 300 µm). (E, F) Activation of hippocampal PV interneurons via CNO injection during either the CONTEXT (E) or AVERSIVE (F) reminder prevented memory reinstatement, resulting in low freezing at REINSTATED recall. Student’s t -test against saline injected controls: CONTEXT, t = 3.515, p = 0.004, Cohen’s d = 0.507; AVERSIVE, t = 4.04, p = 0.003, Cohen’s d = 0.645. n = 6 for CONTEXT, n 2 4 for AVERSIVE.

Article Snippet: For bilateral delivery of DREADDs, PV-Cre mice received injections of pAAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry (Addgene #44361-AAV1; titer: 2.2 x 1013 vg/mL) into the dorsal hippocampus (AP: −1.75 mm; ML: ±1.95 mm; DV: −1.85 mm; 350 nL per hemisphere) using a Nanoject III (Drummond).

Techniques: Expressing, Activation Assay, Injection, Saline

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The Reinstatement of a Forgotten Infantile Memory

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.27.678956

Figure Lengend Snippet: We propose that reinstating forgotten infantile memories requires a carefully orchestrated hippocampus-centered network process that unfolds in three stages. First, exposure to a contextual reminder of the original experience primes the hippocampal network, increasing the recruitment of neurons associated with the forgotten infantile memory (iEngram) during subsequent experiences associated with the forgotten infantile memory (“ Priming ”, A ). Then, a reminder of the aversive stimulus experienced during infancy selectively tags iEngram neurons for offline reactivation in the following hours (“ Tagging ”, B ). Increased iEngram activity during offline network reactivation events binds previously latent infantile memory with novel neuronal ensembles, thereby reinstating behavioral responses consistent with the original experience (“ Binding ”, C ).

Article Snippet: For bilateral delivery of DREADDs, PV-Cre mice received injections of pAAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry (Addgene #44361-AAV1; titer: 2.2 x 1013 vg/mL) into the dorsal hippocampus (AP: −1.75 mm; ML: ±1.95 mm; DV: −1.85 mm; 350 nL per hemisphere) using a Nanoject III (Drummond).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Binding Assay