Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: STING-STAT1-ZBP1 axis orchestrates PANoptotic signaling in ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury

doi: 10.1186/s12964-026-02830-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZBP1 deficiency alleviates PANoptosis induced by STING agonism. A ZBP1 mRNA levels (fold change) in primary tubular epithelial cells (PRTCs) treated with diABZI (STING agonist, 10 µM) for 6, 12, and 24 h (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. B ZBP1 mRNA levels (fold change) PRTCs treated with DMSO or diABZI in STING+/+-PRTCs and STING-/-- PRTCs (n = 3). *P < 0.05 ，**P < 0.01，***P <0.001. C Western blots and quantification of STING and ZBP1 protein PRTCs treated with DMSO or diABZI in STING+/+-PRTCs and STING-/-- PRTCs (n = 3). *P < 0.05 ，**P < 0.01，***P <0.001. D Immunofluorescence of ZBP1 (red), STING (green), and DAPI (blue) in PRTCs treated with diABZI (scale bars: 40 μm), The figure on the right is an enlarged view of the area within the white dashed box in the left one. E Inflammation markers: TNFα, IL1β mRNA levels and Cell viability assay with LDH release and Cell Viability Assay in ZBP1+/+-PRTCs and ZBP1-/--PRTCs treated with DMSO or diABZI (n = 4). *P < 0.05 ，**P < 0.01，***P <0.001. F Western blot analysis of PANoptosis markers (pyroptosis: GSDMD, N-GSDMD; apoptosis: CAS3, c-CAS3, CAS7, c-CAS7; necroptosis: p-RIP1, p-MLKL) in ZBP1+/+-PRTCs and ZBP1-/--PRTCs treated with DMSO or diABZI (n=3; α-Tubulin loading control). Red separator lines indicate different experimental conditions. G Flow cytometry quantification of cell death counts (PI+, V610) in ZBP1+/+-PRTCs and ZBP1-/--PRTCs treated with DMSO or diABZI (n=3)

Article Snippet: Primary cells were treated with diABZI (medchemexpress-HY-112921A), Cocl2 (sigma-232696), Fludarabine (medchemexpress-HY-B0069), Anifrolumab (medchemexpress-HY- P99168 ), IFN-α (medchemexpress-HY-P7023), Necrostatin-1 (medchemexpress-HY-15760), Z-VAD-FMK (medchemexpress-HY-16658B), MCC950 (medchemexpress-HY-12815), 2’3’-cGAMP (c-GAMP: tlrl-nacga23-02) for 24–48 h.

Techniques: Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Viability Assay, Control, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: STING-STAT1-ZBP1 axis orchestrates PANoptotic signaling in ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury

doi: 10.1186/s12964-026-02830-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: STING induces ZBP1 activation in a STAT1-dependent manner. A Immunofluorescence of STAT1 (red), STING (green), and DAPI (blue) in renal cortices from STINGflox/flox-Sham, STINGflox/flox-IR, STINGCKO-Sham, and STINGCKO -IR groups, with quantification showing STING-dependent STAT1 upregulation during injury (n=5, scale bars: 50 μm). B Western blot confirmation of STAT1 and p-STAT1 protein expression trends in vivo (n=3; α-Tubulin loading control). C Nucleocytoplasmic fractionation in primary renal tubular epithelial cells (PRTCs) treated with PBS, 2’3’cGAMP (c-GAMP, 2 μg/ml), diABZI (10 μM), or H/R, revealing STAT1 and p-STAT1 nuclear accumulation upon STING activation (Lamin B/α-Tubulin: compartment markers). D Immunofluorescence confirming diABZI-driven STAT1 nuclear translocation in PRTCs (STAT1: red; DAPI: blue) (scale bars: 20 μm). E Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy images of PRTCs treated with diABZI, stained for STAT1 (red), STING (green), and DAPI (blue) (scale bars: 20 μm); a magnified detail of the white-boxed area is shown in the inset. The panel shows fluorescence co-localization analysis using the Plot Profile function in ImageJ-Fiji. F Molecular docking (GRAMM/HDOCK) predicted contact sites between STING (violet) and STAT1 (celeste); a magnified detail of the yellow-boxed area is shown in the inset. The black arrows represent the predicted hydrogen bonding. G Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of STING and STAT1 from PRTCs using antibodies against STAT1 and STING. Input: whole-cell lysate; IgG: negative control. H WT (HA-STING-WT) or mutant STING (HA-STING-CTD) expression vectors were cotransfected with Flag tagged STAT1 into 293T cells, and cell lysis was used for IP with anti-HA, followed by Western blot detection of STING or STAT1. I The schematic diagram of truncated plasmid of STING

Article Snippet: Primary cells were treated with diABZI (medchemexpress-HY-112921A), Cocl2 (sigma-232696), Fludarabine (medchemexpress-HY-B0069), Anifrolumab (medchemexpress-HY- P99168 ), IFN-α (medchemexpress-HY-P7023), Necrostatin-1 (medchemexpress-HY-15760), Z-VAD-FMK (medchemexpress-HY-16658B), MCC950 (medchemexpress-HY-12815), 2’3’-cGAMP (c-GAMP: tlrl-nacga23-02) for 24–48 h.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Expressing, In Vivo, Control, Fractionation, Translocation Assay, Microscopy, Staining, Fluorescence, Immunoprecipitation, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Negative Control, Mutagenesis, Lysis, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: STING-STAT1-ZBP1 axis orchestrates PANoptotic signaling in ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury

doi: 10.1186/s12964-026-02830-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: STING Drives STAT1-Mediated Transcriptional Activation of ZBP1 to Promote PANoptosis. A Using CUT-Tag assays in HK-2 cells treated with diABZI, isolated DNA fragments bound to STAT1 and identified potential binding sites on the ZBP1 promoter via Jaspar website. B Exploration of STAT1-ZBP1 promoter binding in diABZI-treated HK-2 cells: ZBP1 promoter region amplified using Primer3Plus-designed primers, Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation with STAT1 antibody compared with IgG control (n=3). C Western blot confirmation of ZBP1 and p-STAT1 protein expression trends in PRTCs treated with DMSO, diABZI, Fludarabine and diABZI groups (n=3; α-Tubulin loading control). D - E Fludarabine (STAT1 inhibitor) suppresses diABZI-induced ZBP1 mRNA and protein (n=4 mRNA, n=3 protein) and inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL1β mRNA; n=4) in PRTCs (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001). F Viability assessment by PI (red, dead cells)/Calcein-AM (green, live cells) staining in PRTCs treated with DMSO, diABZI or diABZI and Fludarabine (n=3, scale bars: 50 μm). G PRTCs were treated with DMSO (control), diABZI (STING agonist), or diABZI and Fludarabine. Flow cytometry quantification of cell death (PI⁺, V610). H Western blot analysis of PANoptosis markers (pyroptosis: GSDMD, N-GSDMD; apoptosis: CAS3, c-CAS3, CAS7, c-CAS7; necroptosis: p-RIP1, p-MLKL) in PRTCs treated with DMSO, diABZI or diABZI and Fludarabine (n=3, α-Tubulin loading control)

Article Snippet: Primary cells were treated with diABZI (medchemexpress-HY-112921A), Cocl2 (sigma-232696), Fludarabine (medchemexpress-HY-B0069), Anifrolumab (medchemexpress-HY- P99168 ), IFN-α (medchemexpress-HY-P7023), Necrostatin-1 (medchemexpress-HY-15760), Z-VAD-FMK (medchemexpress-HY-16658B), MCC950 (medchemexpress-HY-12815), 2’3’-cGAMP (c-GAMP: tlrl-nacga23-02) for 24–48 h.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Isolation, Binding Assay, Amplification, Control, Western Blot, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: STING-STAT1-ZBP1 axis orchestrates PANoptotic signaling in ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury

doi: 10.1186/s12964-026-02830-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: STING and IFNAR Pathways Cooperatively Promote STAT1 Activation Drives PANoptosis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells . A - B Primary renal tubular epithelial cells (PRTCs) were treated with DMSO (control), diABZI (STING agonist), or diABZI and Anifrolumab (IFNAR inhibitor). Representative Western blot analysis and quantification of PANoptosis markers (pyroptosis: GSDMD, N-GSDMD; apoptosis: CAS3, c-CAS3, CAS7, c-CAS7; necroptosis: p-RIP1, p-MLKL) and ZBP1 in PRTCs (n=3 α-Tubulin loading control). Red separator lines indicate different experimental conditions. C Primary renal tubular epithelial cells (PRTCs) were treated with DMSO, diABZI, or diABZI and Anifrolumab. Flow cytometry quantification of cell death (PI⁺, V610). D - E PRTCs were treated with DMSO, diABZI, or diABZI (10 μM) and IFN-α (1 ng/ml). Western blot analysis and quantification of PANoptosis markers (pyroptosis: GSDMD, N-GSDMD; apoptosis: CAS3, c-CAS3, CAS7, c-CAS7; necroptosis: p-RIP1, p-MLKL) in each group (n=3; α-Tubulin loading control). Red separator lines indicate different experimental conditions. F Proposed mechanism of the STING-STAT1-ZBP1 axis in renal tubular epithelial cells promoting pan-apoptosis in IRI-AKI. Following IRI-AKI, STING interacts with and activates STAT1, facilitating its nuclear translocation. STAT1 binds to the promoter region of the ZBP1 gene, initiating its transcription. The upregulated ZBP1 subsequently triggers the activation of PANoptosis, which drives the progression of AKI

Article Snippet: Primary cells were treated with diABZI (medchemexpress-HY-112921A), Cocl2 (sigma-232696), Fludarabine (medchemexpress-HY-B0069), Anifrolumab (medchemexpress-HY- P99168 ), IFN-α (medchemexpress-HY-P7023), Necrostatin-1 (medchemexpress-HY-15760), Z-VAD-FMK (medchemexpress-HY-16658B), MCC950 (medchemexpress-HY-12815), 2’3’-cGAMP (c-GAMP: tlrl-nacga23-02) for 24–48 h.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry, Translocation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The cGAS-STING pathway regulates microglial chemotaxis in genome instability

doi: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554654

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative immunoblot of STING pathway activation in ATM KO C20 cells (clones #1 and #2). Loading control: Vinculin. Quantification of phosphorylated proteins is relative to respective total proteins and normalised to WT. (B) Relative mRNA levels of IFNB1 and IFIT2 in WT and ATM KO C20 cells treated with 1 µM STING agonist diABZI, or DMSO as control, for 5 h. C q values normalised to IPO8 and DMSO-treated WT cells. Mean log 2 fold change ± SD (n=3). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparison test. (C) Representative immunoblot of HMC3 cells treated with 10 nM ATM inhibitor AZD1390 (ATMi), or DMSO as control, for 1, 3, 6 or 9 days. Loading control: Vinculin. NS: nonspecific. Quantification of phosphorylated proteins is relative to respective total proteins and normalised to Day 1 DMSO control. (D) Representative images of IRF3 localisation in HMC3 cells stimulated for 2 h with 1 µM diABZI, or DMSO as control, or with 10 nM ATMi or DMSO for 6 days (diABZI and ATMi stimulation are part of separate experiments). Red: IRF3, cyan: DNA (DAPI). 20x magnification, scale bar = 25 µm. Yellow arrows indicate cells with nuclear IRF3. (E) Percentage of cells with nuclear translocation of IRF3 treated as in (D). Mean ± SD (n=3). Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t -tests. (F) Relative IFNB1 mRNA levels in HMC3 cells treated with ATMi or DMSO for 6 days followed by 1 µM diABZI, or DMSO as a control, for 5 h. C q values normalised to RPS13 and DMSO-treated cells. Mean log 2 fold change ± SD (n=3). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparison test. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ****p ≤ 0.0001; ns = not significant.

Article Snippet: To induce ATM activation, cells were treated with 1 μM camptothecin (CPT; Cayman Chemical Company) for 1 h. The STING agonist diABZi (Selleck Chemicals) was used at 1 μM.

Techniques: Western Blot, Activation Assay, Clone Assay, Control, Comparison, Translocation Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The cGAS-STING pathway regulates microglial chemotaxis in genome instability

doi: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554654

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Relative mRNA levels of CCL5 and CXCL10 in WT and ATM KO C20 cells and upon treatment with 1 µM diABZI, or DMSO as control, for 5 h. C q values normalised to IPO8 and DMSO-treated WT cells. Mean log 2 fold change ± SD (n=3). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparison test. (B) Schematic of experimental workflow. WT and STING1 KO HMC3 cells were treated with 10 nM ATMi, or DMSO as a control, for 6 days. mRNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Secretion was measured 24 h after media change to low FBS supplemented with 1 µM diABZI, or DMSO as a control. (C) Relative mRNA levels of CCL5 and CXCL10 from cells treated as in (B). C q values normalised to RPS13 and DMSO-treated WT cells. Mean log 2 fold change ± SD (n=3). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparison test. (D) CXCL10 concentration in cell culture supernatants. Mean ± SD (n=3). Dashed line indicates lower limit of detection (LLOD) = 0.12 pg/mL. Nd: not detected. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparison test in WT cells. (E) Representative immunoblot of cerebellar homogenates from individuals with A-T and matched individuals with no known diseases of the CNS as controls (Ctrl). Loading control: GAPDH. NS = nonspecific. (F) Relative mRNA levels of STING1 , CGAS , CCL5, and CXCL10 as in (E). C q values normalised to RPS13 . Mean 2 -δCT ± SD shown (n=3). Paired t -test. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ****p ≤ 0.0001; ns = not significant.

Article Snippet: To induce ATM activation, cells were treated with 1 μM camptothecin (CPT; Cayman Chemical Company) for 1 h. The STING agonist diABZi (Selleck Chemicals) was used at 1 μM.

Techniques: Control, Comparison, Quantitative RT-PCR, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: STING Restricts EV-A71 Infection by Regulating T Cell Development and Enhancing Immune Cell Effector Function

doi: 10.3390/ijms262311441

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of STING affects EV-A71 infection in mice. ( A ) Schematic presentation of animal experiment design. Ten-day-old C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 10 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. One hour after virus infection, the mice were treated with diABZI or GS-9620 once daily for 3 days. ( B ) Representative photographs of mice at 4 dpi and the arrow points to the weak or paralyzed hind limb ( n = 5). ( C ) Daily body weight monitoring of mice ( n = 9 or 13). ( D – F ) Clinical scores ( D ) and survival kinetics ( E , F ) of mice over 14 days ( n = 9 or 13), *** p < 0.001 by Ridit assay (D), ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 by a Log-Rank (Mantel–Cox) assay (E,F). ( G ) Schematic presentation of animal experiment design. Nine-day-old WT mice and Sting-KO mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. ( H ) Representative photographs of mice at 4 dpi and the arrow points to the weak or paralyzed hind limb ( n = 3). ( I ) Daily body weight monitoring of mice ( n = 9). ( J – L ) Survival kinetics ( K , L ) and clinical scores ( J ) of mice over 14 days ( n = 9). ** p < 0.01 by a Log-Rank (Mantel–Cox) assay ( K , L ) and * p < 0.05, by Ridit assay ( J ). Data are from one experiment with n = 9 or 13 mice per group.

Article Snippet: Diamidobenzimidazole (diABZI) (cat no. S8796) was purchased from Beijing Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) GS-9620 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Virus

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: STING Restricts EV-A71 Infection by Regulating T Cell Development and Enhancing Immune Cell Effector Function

doi: 10.3390/ijms262311441

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of STING affects the replication of EV-A71 in mice. ( A – D ) Ten-day-old C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 10 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. One hour after virus infection, the mice were treated with diABZI or GS-9620 once daily for 3 days. Muscle tissues were detected by Western blot assay or IF assay with indicated antibodies (( A , B ), n = 3), qRT-PCR assay with specific primers (( C ), n = 6) and viral titer assays (( D ), n = 6). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak multiple comparisons test ( C , D ). ( E , F ) Nine-day-old WT mice and Sting-KO mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. Muscle tissues were detected by Western blot assay or IF assay with indicated antibodies (( E , F ), n = 3), qRT-PCR assay with specific primers (( G ), n = 6) and viral titer assays (( H ), n = 6), ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, two-tailed Student’s t -test ( G , H ). Data are from one experiment with n = 3 or 6 mice per group.

Article Snippet: Diamidobenzimidazole (diABZI) (cat no. S8796) was purchased from Beijing Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) GS-9620 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Virus, Infection, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: STING Restricts EV-A71 Infection by Regulating T Cell Development and Enhancing Immune Cell Effector Function

doi: 10.3390/ijms262311441

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of STING regulation on its related signaling pathways and ISGs expression. Ten-day-old C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 10 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. One hour after virus infection, the mice were treated with diABZI or GS-9620 once daily for 3 days. Muscles were detected by Western blot assay (( A ), n = 3), IF assay ( B ), or qRT-PCR assay (( D ), n = 6). The white arrow represents the phosphorylated STING. Nine-day-old WT mice and Sting-KO mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. Muscles were detected by Western blot assay (( C ), n = 3) or qRT-PCR assay (( E ), n = 6). Data are from one experiment with n = 3 or 6 mice per group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak multiple comparisons test or two-tailed Student’s t -test, and “ns” indicates no significant difference ( D , E ).

Article Snippet: Diamidobenzimidazole (diABZI) (cat no. S8796) was purchased from Beijing Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) GS-9620 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Expressing, Virus, Infection, Muscles, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: STING Restricts EV-A71 Infection by Regulating T Cell Development and Enhancing Immune Cell Effector Function

doi: 10.3390/ijms262311441

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of STING regulation on cytokine/chemokine levels in serum under EV-A71 infection and non-infection conditions. ( A ) Ten-day-old C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 10 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. One hour after virus infection, the mice were treated with diABZI or GS-9620 once daily for 3 days. Serum cytokine/chemokine expression was analyzed via Bio-Plex Pro TM Assays ( n = 6). ( B ) Nine-day-old WT mice and Sting-KO mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA, and serum cytokine/chemokine expression was analyzed via Bio-Plex Pro TM Assays ( n = 6). Data are from one experiment with n = 6 mice per group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak multiple comparisons test or two-tailed Student’s t -test, and “ns” indicates no significant difference ( A , B ).

Article Snippet: Diamidobenzimidazole (diABZI) (cat no. S8796) was purchased from Beijing Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) GS-9620 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Virus, Expressing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: STING Restricts EV-A71 Infection by Regulating T Cell Development and Enhancing Immune Cell Effector Function

doi: 10.3390/ijms262311441

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of STING on splenic T cells. ( A – F ) Ten-day-old C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 10 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. One hour after virus infection, the mice were treated with diABZI or GS-9620 once daily for 3 days. The percentages of different types of T cells in spleen were measured by flow cytometry ( n = 5 or 6). ( G – L ) Nine-day-old C57BL/6J WT mice and Sting-KO mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. The percentages of different types of T cells in spleen were measured by flow cytometry ( n = 5 or 6). Data are from one experiment with n = 6 mice per group. The color gradient from blue to red indicates a progressive increase in cell density. Circle and wireframe represent flow cytometry gating. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak multiple comparisons test or two-tailed Student’s t -test, and “ns” indicates no significant difference.

Article Snippet: Diamidobenzimidazole (diABZI) (cat no. S8796) was purchased from Beijing Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) GS-9620 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Virus, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Two Tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: STING Restricts EV-A71 Infection by Regulating T Cell Development and Enhancing Immune Cell Effector Function

doi: 10.3390/ijms262311441

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of STING on immune cells in the thymus. ( A – C ) Ten-day-old C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 10 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. One hour after virus infection, the mice were treated with diABZI or GS-9620 once daily for 3 days. Flow cytometry was used to measure the percentage of different cell types in the thymus ( n = 5 or 6). ( D – F ) Nine-day-old WT mice and Sting-KO mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 LD 50 of EV-A71-H-MA. Flow cytometry was used to measure the percentage of different cell types in the thymus ( n = 6). Data are from one experiment with n = 5 or 6 mice per group. The color gradient from blue to red indicates a progressive increase in cell density. Wireframe represents flow cytometry gating. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak multiple comparisons test or two-tailed Student’s t -test, and “ns” indicates no significant difference (A–F).

Article Snippet: Diamidobenzimidazole (diABZI) (cat no. S8796) was purchased from Beijing Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) GS-9620 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Virus, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Two Tailed Test