Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Article Title: The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis

doi: 10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectins during developmental myelination and upon de-and remyelination

Article Snippet: gal-3 , Microglia and astrocytes (primary cells, Sprague–Dawley rats, BV2 microglia cell line, treatment) , Enhances production of pro-inflammatory mediators , Triggers the JAK-STAT signaling cascade through IFNRG1(CRD-independent, IFNγ-independent) , [ ] .

Techniques: In Vivo, Mouse Assay, Expressing, Activation Assay, In Vitro, Cell Culture, Activity Assay, Binding Assay

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Article Title: The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis

doi: 10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration of the cellular expression and role of galectins-1, -3 and -4 in the regulation of OPC differentiation upon successful remyelination. Galectin-1 is mainly expressed and secreted by (reactive) astrocytes. Low galectin-1 levels (likely mainly monomeric) impair OPC differentiation ( 1a , , whereas high levels of galectin-1 (likely mainly dimeric) increase OPC differentiation ( 1b , ). Galectin-1 binds to classically activated microglia and inhibits their polarization towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype ( 1c , ), accelerates the shift towards an alternatively activated pro-myelinating microglia phenotype ( 1d , ), and increases their capacity to phagocytose remyelination-inhibiting myelin debris ( 1e , ). Via a positive feedback loop , galectin-1 stimulates the release of BDNF by astrocytes ( 1f , [ , ]) and enhances the proliferation of neural progenitors (1 g , ). 2 Galectin - 3 is expressed by microglia and oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Oligodendroglial galectin-3 is processed by MMP-2 shortening its N-terminal tail in OPCs, but not mature oligodendrocytes. Galectin-3 treatment promotes OPC differentiation ( 2a , ), may regulate astrocyte responses ( 2b , , favors polarization to pro-regenerative microglia ( 2c ) and increases phagocytosis of myelin debris by microglia ( 2d , ). 3 Galectin - 4 is re-expressed by neurons and considered to be transiently released by axons to negatively regulate the differentiation of OPCs ( 3a , ). In addition, the galectin-4-containing domains on axons may impede the deposition of myelin ( 3b , ). Upon OPC differentiation, oligodendroglial galectin-4 regulates MBP promoter activity ( 3c , ). Galectin-4 is present in the nucleus and/or cytosol of microglia. The underlying mechanism(s) of action of galectins-1, -3 and -4 upon de-and remyelination is (are) summarized in Table

Article Snippet: gal-3 , Microglia and astrocytes (primary cells, Sprague–Dawley rats, BV2 microglia cell line, treatment) , Enhances production of pro-inflammatory mediators , Triggers the JAK-STAT signaling cascade through IFNRG1(CRD-independent, IFNγ-independent) , [ ] .

Techniques: Expressing, Activity Assay

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Article Title: The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis

doi: 10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectins during MS-relevant inflammation

Article Snippet: gal-3 , Microglia and astrocytes (primary cells, Sprague–Dawley rats, BV2 microglia cell line, treatment) , Enhances production of pro-inflammatory mediators , Triggers the JAK-STAT signaling cascade through IFNRG1(CRD-independent, IFNγ-independent) , [ ] .

Techniques: In Vivo, Expressing, Activation Assay, Adoptive Transfer Assay, Control, Injection, In Vitro, Protein-Protein interactions, Binding Assay

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Rho kinase II interference by small hairpin RNA ameliorates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in mice

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5889

Figure Lengend Snippet: Construction of a lentivirus-based shRNA system and interference efficiency of anti-ROCKII shRNA in vitro and in vivo . (A) Construction schematic of the lentivirus vehicle, driven by the U6 promoter. The GFP reporter gene is driven by the CMV promoter. (B) Interference efficiencies of anti-ROCKII shRNAs in mouse BV2 microglia cells as determined by western blotting. ROCKII and p-MLC protein levels were decreased significantly following transfection with shR337 (ROCKII, P=0.007; p-MLC, P=0.006) and shR340 (ROCKII, P<0.001; p-MLC, P=0.002), compared with the empty vector (n=3). **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. (C) Interference efficiencies of anti-ROCKII shRNAs in the brains of mice determined by fluorescence (magnification, ×20). Stereotaxic injection of the combination of shR337 and shR340 at a ratio of 1:1 into the SN area markedly reduced ROCKII and p-MYPT staining compared with the empty vector. shRNA, small hairpin RNA; ROCKII, Rho/Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase II; GFP, green fluorescent protein; CMV, cytomegalovirus; p-MLC, phosphorylated myosin light chain; SN, substantia nigra; p-MYPT, phosphorylated myosin phosphate target subunit.

Article Snippet: Mouse BV2 microglia cells were purchased from Shanghai Fuxiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in a 95% humidified 5% CO2 cell culture incubator.

Techniques: shRNA, In Vitro, In Vivo, Western Blot, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Fluorescence, Injection, Staining

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Rho kinase II interference by small hairpin RNA ameliorates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in mice

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5889

Figure Lengend Snippet: RI inhibited microglia activation in mouse BV2 microglia cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. (A) Representative bands of a western blot assay to detect p-MYPT, p-p65 and iNOS. (B) Expression levels of p-MYPT (P=0.008), p-p65 (P=0.005) and iNOS (P=0.007) were significantly decreased in RI mice compared with the control mice. **P<0.01. RI, Rho/Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase II interference; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; p-MYPT, phosphorylated myosin phosphate target subunit; p-p65, phosphorylated p65; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; shRNA, small hairpin RNA.

Article Snippet: Mouse BV2 microglia cells were purchased from Shanghai Fuxiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in a 95% humidified 5% CO2 cell culture incubator.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Control, shRNA

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Hydrogel loaded with cerium-manganese nanoparticles and nerve growth factor enhances spinal cord injury repair by modulating immune microenvironment and promoting neuronal regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03098-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optimization of CeMn NP-PEG concentration for biological activity. A Live/dead staining images of PC12 cells treated with H 2 O 2 and various concentrations of CeMn NP-PEG. B Quantification of live cell percentages in PC12 cells treated with H 2 O 2 and different concentrations of CeMn NP-PEG. C Live/dead staining images of BV2 cells treated with H 2 O 2 and various concentrations of CeMn NP-PEG. D Quantification of live cell percentages in BV2 cells treated with H 2 O 2 and different concentrations of CeMn NP-PEG. E ROS detection in PC12 cells using DCFH-DA probe under different treatments. F Quantification of ROS levels in PC12 cells under different treatments. G ROS detection in BV2 cells using DCFH-DA probe under different treatments. H Quantification of ROS levels in BV2 cells under different treatments. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

Article Snippet: PC12 cells (rat adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma differentiated cell line) and BV2 cells (mouse microglia) were purchased from Icell, China.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Activity Assay, Staining

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Hydrogel loaded with cerium-manganese nanoparticles and nerve growth factor enhances spinal cord injury repair by modulating immune microenvironment and promoting neuronal regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03098-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-inflammatory effects of nano-enzyme hydrogel composites in H 2 O 2 -treated PC12 and BV2 Cells. A Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-1β in PC12 cells treated with PBS, H 2 O 2 , H 2 O 2 + Lightgel, H 2 O 2 + Lightgel/NGF, and H 2 O 2 + Lightgel/NGF/CeMn NP-PEG, as measured by qPCR. B Western blot analysis displaying protein expression levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-1β, and ACTIN in PC12 cells across the different treatment groups. C Quantification of Western blot results for IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-1β normalized to ACTIN expression in PC12 cells. D Quantification of CCL3 expression levels in PC12 cells. E Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-1β in BV2 cells treated with the same conditions, assessed by qPCR. F Western blot analysis showing protein expression levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-1β, and ACTIN in BV2 cells. G Quantification of Western blot results for IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-1β normalized to ACTIN expression in BV2 cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Article Snippet: PC12 cells (rat adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma differentiated cell line) and BV2 cells (mouse microglia) were purchased from Icell, China.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Hydrogel loaded with cerium-manganese nanoparticles and nerve growth factor enhances spinal cord injury repair by modulating immune microenvironment and promoting neuronal regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03098-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: ROS-scavenging effects of nano-enzyme hydrogel composites in H 2 O 2 -treated PC12 and BV2 cells. A ROS detection in PC12 cells using DCFH-DA probe under various treatments. B Quantification of relative ROS fluorescence intensity in PC12 cells. C ROS detection in BV2 cells using DCFH-DA probe under various treatments. D Quantification of relative ROS fluorescence intensity in BV2 cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

Article Snippet: PC12 cells (rat adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma differentiated cell line) and BV2 cells (mouse microglia) were purchased from Icell, China.

Techniques: Fluorescence

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Hydrogel loaded with cerium-manganese nanoparticles and nerve growth factor enhances spinal cord injury repair by modulating immune microenvironment and promoting neuronal regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03098-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nano-enzyme hydrogel composites promote M2 polarization of H 2 O 2 -treated BV2 cells by inhibiting the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. A Flow cytometry analysis of CD206 expression in BV2 cells treated with PBS, H 2 O 2 , H 2 O 2 + Lightgel, H 2 O 2 + Lightgel/NGF, and H 2 O 2 + Lightgel/NGF/CeMn NP-PEG. B Quantification of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD206 in BV2 cells. C Immunofluorescence staining images of CD206 in BV2 cells following various treatments. D Quantification of CD206-positive BV2 cells. E Western blot analysis of cGAS, STING, p-IRF3, IRF3, and ACTIN expression in BV2 cells under different treatments. F Quantification of Western blot results normalized to ACTIN expression. G Immunofluorescence staining images of STING in BV2 cells following different treatments. H Quantification of relative STING fluorescence intensity in BV2 cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Article Snippet: PC12 cells (rat adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma differentiated cell line) and BV2 cells (mouse microglia) were purchased from Icell, China.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Fluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Western Blot