Journal: PLoS genetics

Article Title: FUS transgenic rats develop the phenotypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Neuron loss accompanied by ubiquitin aggregation in aged rats overexpressing the normal human fus gene. (A–C) Double- fluorescence staining for human FUS (A, red) and the neuronal marker NeuN (B, green) in the frontal cortex of normal human FUS transgenic rats (line 20). Most FUS-positive cells expressed NeuN, but some did not (C). (D–I) Immunofluorescence staining revealed ubiquitin aggregation in aged (G–I; 1 year of age), but not young (D–F; 3 months of age), normal FUS transgenic rats. Coronal sections of frontal cortex were immunostained with antibodies to ubiquitin (D, G: green) and human FUS (E, H: red). Scale bars: A–C, 100 mm; D–I, 20 mm. (J, K) Barnes maze analysis revealed spatial learning deficits in normal FUS transgenic rats of line 20 at advanced ages. One year old transgenic rats (TG) and their nontransgenic littermates (NT) were tested in a Barnes maze and time spent to locate the fixed escape hole (latency) and the number of errors made before escaping were recorded. (L, M) Stereological cell counting revealed a loss of neurons in the cortex (J) and dentate gyrus (K) of normal FUS transgenic rats at advanced ages (line 20). Coronal sections of one hemisphere were stained with Cresyl violet and the number of neurons in the frontal cortex and dentate gyrus was estimated by stereological cell counting. Normal FUS transgenic rats and their nontransgenic controls were killed at the age of 1 year. Data are presented as means 6 SD (n = 5). * p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002011.g004

Article Snippet: Spatial learning and memory tasks were examined with a Barnes Maze (Med Associates).

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Fluorescence, Staining, Marker, Transgenic Assay, Immunofluorescence, Cell Counting

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Effect of Cardiac Arrest on Cognitive Impairment and Hippocampal Plasticity in Middle-Aged Rats

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124918

Figure Lengend Snippet: Average distance traveled A) per day [F (1, 3) = 6.68, *p<0.05, group effect] or B) across all trials (** p <0.01) on Barnes circular platform maze (testing occurred 3, 4, 5, and 6 days following sham or ACA procedures). The average latency to enter escape tunnel C) per day (*p<0.05, group effect) or D) across all trials (***p<0.005, group effect) on Barnes circular platform maze. The percentage of each animal using a search strategy (spatial, serial, or random) was also quantified on the Barnes maze. E) Percentage of trials where an animal used a spatial versus a non-spatial (serial + random) search strategy (*p<0.05). F) Percentage of trials where an animal used a systematic (spatial + serial) versus a random search strategy (***p<0.005) (Sham n = 10 and ACA n = 8).

Article Snippet: The Barnes circular platform maze is a 122 cm diameter circular platform on a 1.4 m stand with 18 evenly spaced 9.5 cm diameter holes around the circumference, where a black box (escape tunnel) was placed underneath one of the holes (Med-Associates Inc., St. Albans, VT, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Mitochondrial dysfunction precedes hippocampal IL-1β transcription and cognitive impairments after low-dose lipopolysaccharide injection in aged mice

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28974

Figure Lengend Snippet: Low-dose LPS injection induces cognitive impairments in old-age mice. Barnes maze test and Fear chamber test was performed to measure learning and memory after LPS injection (Control, n = 13; LPS, n = 15). (A) LPS injection did not affect primary latency, length, or errors during training sessions. (B, C) Barnes maze probe trial. (B) Representative heatmap images. (C) LPS injection significantly increased path length and latency in the probe test (p = 0.021, Student's t-test). (D) LPS injection significantly reduced contextual memory in the fear-chamber test (p = 0.040, Student's t-test). Values are presented as means ± SD (*p < 0.05, n.s., not significant).

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze test (Scitech Korea Inc., Korea) was conducted 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of saline (Control group) or LPS (LPS group) as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Injection, Control

Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Mitochondrial dysfunction precedes hippocampal IL-1β transcription and cognitive impairments after low-dose lipopolysaccharide injection in aged mice

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28974

Figure Lengend Snippet: Low-dose LPS injection increases gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and induces learning impairment in young mice pretreated with rotenone. (A – C) Mitochondrial respiration was measured 24 h after LPS injection (Control, n = 5; LPS, n = 5; Rotenone, n = 4; Rotenone + LPS, n = 5). (A) Mitochondrial OCR was measured while sequentially adding ADP, oligomycin, CCCP, and antimycin; dotted lines indicate the addition of compounds. (B) Quantification of OCR after excluding non-mitochondrial respiration. Coupled (state3) and uncoupled (state3u) respiration were significantly decreased in mice that received both rotenone pretreatment and LPS injection (state3, p = 0.004; state3u, p = 0.003; one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). (C) RCR was not affected by rotenone or LPS injections (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). (D) mRNA expression levels of cytokines, including TNFα (p = 0.033, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test), IL-1β (p = 0.021), IL-10 (p = 0.017) and IL-6 (p = 0.006; Kruskal-Wallis test), were significantly increased in mice that received both rotenone pretreatment and LPS injection (Control, n = 5; LPS, n = 5; Rotenone, n = 4; Rotenone + LPS, n = 5). (E) Western blot analysis of inflammasome components after rotenone pretreatment in young mice (Control, n = 5; Rotenone, n = 5). Representative Western blot images (left) and summary data (right). The number in the left-hand image indicates protein molecular weight (kDa). The expression level of NLRP3 (Student's t-test, p = 0.003) and cleaved-caspase1 (Student's t-test, p < 0.001) were significantly increased after rotenone pretreatment. Full Western blot images are provided in . (F–I) Cognitive function was evaluated using the Barnes maze test and fear chamber test (Control, n = 11; Rotenone, n = 10; LPS, n = 11; Rotenone + LPS, n = 11). (F) Mice that received both rotenone pretreatment and LPS injection showed significant differences during training trials (group interaction, primary latency, p = 0.003; primary length, p = 0.045; primary errors, p = 0.021). (G, H) Representative heatmap images of the probe test. There were no significant differences between groups (one-way ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis test). (H) There was no significant difference in contextual memory in the fear chamber test (one-way ANOVA). Values are presented as means ± SD (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n.s., not significant).

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze test (Scitech Korea Inc., Korea) was conducted 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of saline (Control group) or LPS (LPS group) as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Injection, Gene Expression, Control, Expressing, Western Blot, Molecular Weight

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Early Maternal and Social Deprivation Expands Neural Stem Cell Population Size and Reduces Hippocampus/Amygdala-Dependent Fear Memory

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00022

Figure Lengend Snippet: Spatial memory test. Early- and late-MSD and control mice were assessed for the spatial memory by Barnes maze test. (A) Errors in entering the target escape box were measured during the training. (B) In the probe test, time spent around each hole was measured in relation to the angle of the hole to the target. (C) The accuracy of the reference memory was scored as the ratio of time spent around the target divided by the time spent around the target and neighboring holes. (D) After the reversal of the target location, errors in entering the target escape box were measured during the training. (E) In the reversal probe test, time spent around each hole was measured in relation to the angle of the hole to the target. (F) The accuracy of the reference memory was scored as described above. Data represent the mean ± SEM and n- values are shown in the columns.

Article Snippet: Spatial memory was assessed using the Barnes maze test (O’Hara & Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Psychosomatic medicine

Article Title: Chronic social and psychological stress impact select neuropathologies in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy

doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001256

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Relative abundance mRNA expression of human MAPT gene with the P301S mutation. Wildtype (WT) mice express negligible levels of the gene, while all PS19 mice transcriptionally express the gene. Unpaired t-test, p=0.0001 B) PS19 mice manifest significantly greater GFAP (Unpaired t-test, p=0.0065) and Iba1 (Unpaired t-test. p=0.0297) immunoreactivity than siblings negative for the P301S mutation. Representative images (top) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) quantification (bottom) of immunofluorescence for astrocytes (GFAP, green) and microglia (Iba1, magenta) in the dentate gyrus of 5–8-month-old male WT and PS19 mice. C) PS19 mice have significantly more pTau immunoreactivity and significantly thinner dentate gyrus granular cell layers than WT siblings. Unpaired t-test: pTau, p=0.0446; granular cell layer width, p=0.0392. Representative images (top) and MFI quantification (bottom, left) of immunofluorescence for phosphorylated tau (AT8, white) in the dentate gyrus of 5–8-month-old male WT and PS19 mice. Average width of the dentate gyrus granular cell layer (bottom, right) measured from the nuclear stain (dapi, blue) in WT and PS19 mice. Scale bar in B,C, 50 μm. Data are mean + s.e.m. *P<0.05;**P<0.01 determined by unpaired two-sided t-tests with Welch’s correction. D) Elevated Plus Maze. There are no significant differences in total distance moved between WT and PS19 mice (Unpaired t-test, p=0.231). PS19 mice spent significantly more time in the open arms than wildtype mice (Unpaired t-test. p=0.010). PS19 mice spent significantly less time in the closed arms than wildtype mice (Unpaired t test, p=0.0001). E) Barnes Maze. No significant differences between wildtype and PS19 mice in average daily latency to enter escape hole zone during Barnes Maze training (2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test, significant main group effect of training day, p=0.0001, no significant effect of group, no significant interaction). PS19 did not show as steep and learning curve in Barnes Maze training in terms of average time to enter escape hole on each day of training (2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test, significant main group effect of training day (p=0.0001), significant main group effect of genotype (p=0.020), no significant interaction of day x genotype). Lastly, PS19 mice exhibited significantly less preference than wildtype mice for the goal quadrant compared with other quadrants during the Barnes Maze probe trial. Unpaired t-test. p=0.031. * indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01 *** indicates p<0.001, **** indicates p<0.0001. Unless otherwise specified histogram bars represent group mean, and error bars represent standard error. The drawings were created with BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: Spatial learning and memory were assessed via Barnes maze (San Diego Instruments; San Diego, CA, USA) in accordance with established protocols ( 45 , 46 ).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Expressing, Mutagenesis, Fluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Psychosomatic medicine

Article Title: Chronic social and psychological stress impact select neuropathologies in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy

doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001256

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Experimental overview. B) Elevated Plus Maze. No significant differences between groups in total distance traveled. CRS-exposed mice spent significantly less time in the open arms (1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test, ctrl vs CRS p=0.046) and trended towards more time in the closed arms of the EPM (1-way ANOVA with Dunnet’s multiple comparisons test p=0.094) than controls. C) Barnes Maze. Control and CRS-exposed mice displayed improvement in time to first enter escape hole zone with each day of training but CSS-exposed mice showed little change over the course of training. No significant differences between groups in time spent in goal quadrant during Barnes Maze probe trial though CSS-exposed mice trended towards less time in goal quadrant. * indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01 *** indicates p<0.001, **** indicates p<0.0001. Unless otherwise specified histogram bars represent group mean, and error bars represent standard error. The drawings were created with BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: Spatial learning and memory were assessed via Barnes maze (San Diego Instruments; San Diego, CA, USA) in accordance with established protocols ( 45 , 46 ).

Techniques: Control