Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Dopamine Receptor Subtypes Differentially Regulate Autophagy

doi: 10.3390/ijms19051540

Figure Lengend Snippet: AKT (protein kinase B)-mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathways are involved in DRD3-regulated autophagy. ( A ) DRD3 or DRD5 RNAi in HeLa wild type or HeLa cells stably expressing DRD5-GFP-3FLAG. ( B ) HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-DRD3-3FLAG were treated with increasing concentrations of dopamine for 1 h or 8 h. ( C ) Co-Immunoprecipitation using anti-FLAG in HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-DRD3-3FLAG or GIPC1-GFP-3FLAG treated with Baf A1 and/or NH 4 Cl, in the presence of additional 0.1% Triton X-100 in IP and washing buffers. ( D ) DRD3 RNAi in HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-DRD3-3FLAG decreases AMPK activity shown by AMPKα-T172 and β-S108. ( E ) DRD3 RNAi in HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-DRD3-3FLAG partially antagonizes the effect of ammonia-induced AMPKα-T172 and β-S108 inhibition. The blue dashed lines are used to distinguish different parts of the results for better visualization. Experiments were repeated at least three times and representative Western blots are shown. Densitometric analysis was performed and quantification results were labeled below the corresponding blots.

Article Snippet: The autophagy antibody sampler kit, the antibodies for phospho-S6K (T389/412), S6K, AKT pan, phospho-AKT (Thr-308), phospho-AKT (Ser-473), mTOR, AMPK Antibody sampler kit, the HRP-linked anti-rabbit and anti-mouse IgG antibody were all from Cell signaling technology.

Techniques: Stable Transfection, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Activity Assay, Inhibition, Western Blot, Labeling

Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

Article Title: Targeting USP9X-AMPK Axis in ARID1A-Deficient Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.03.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. ARID1A deletion renders HCC cells resistant to glucose deprivation via activation of the AMPK pathway. The effect of ARID1A knockout on Huh7 and YY-8103 cells upon glucose starvation is investigated by (A) Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/PI apoptosis kit, and (B) the result of quantitative analysis is shown. (C) The expression of AMPK signaling proteins in liver tissues from control and Arid1a liver-specific knockout mice. (D) The expression of the indicated proteins in AMPK signaling in primary hepatocytes from control and Arid1a liver-specific KO mice. The expression of (E) PRKAA2 in control, ARID1A knockout YY-8103, Huh7 cells and (F) ARID1A-overexpressing PVTT and SNU-398 cells. The mRNA level of (G) Prkaa1 and (H) Prkaa2 in liver tissues from control and Arid1a liver-specific knockout mice. CTRL, control; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001, ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (9649), acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (8173), ULK1 (8054), phospho-ULK1 (Ser317) (12753), phospho-ULK1 (Ser555) (5869), phospho-ULK1 (Ser757) (6888), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (3676), phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser79) (11818), AMPKa (2532), phosphoAMPKa (Thr172) (2535), LC3B (3868), and HDAC1 (34589) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA); antibodies against PRKAA1 (10929), PRKAA2 (18167), USP9X (55054), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (10494), and liver kinase B1 (10746) were purchased from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL); antibodies against ARID1A (sc-32761), a-tubulin (sc-32293), b-actin (sc-47778), ubiquitin (sc-8017), and c-myc (sc-764) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, Texas); and antibodies against Flag and HA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Knock-Out, Expressing, Control

Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

Article Title: Targeting USP9X-AMPK Axis in ARID1A-Deficient Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.03.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. ARID1A regulates the ubiquitination of PRKAA2 through USP9X. The influence of ARID1A on the ubiquitination of PRKAA2 in (A) HEK293T, (B and C) SNU-398, PVTT, and (D) Huh7 cells. (E) The mRNA level of proteins involved in PRKAA2 ubiquitination or deubiquitination in liver tissues from control and Arid1a liver-specific knockout mice. (F) The mRNA level of USP9X in control and ARID1A KO Huh7 (left) and YY-8103 (right) cells is examined by real-time PCR. (G) Usp9x expression in liver tissues from control and Arid1a liver-specific knockout mice is examined by Western blot. (H) USP9X expression in control and ARID1A KO Huh7 and YY-8103 cell is examined by Western blot. (I) USP9X expression in control and ARID1A- overexpressing SNU-398 cells is examined by Western blot. (J) USP9X and PRKAA2 expressions in control and ARID1A KO MHCC97H cells are examined by Western blot. CTRL, control; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. *P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001, ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (9649), acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (8173), ULK1 (8054), phospho-ULK1 (Ser317) (12753), phospho-ULK1 (Ser555) (5869), phospho-ULK1 (Ser757) (6888), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (3676), phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser79) (11818), AMPKa (2532), phosphoAMPKa (Thr172) (2535), LC3B (3868), and HDAC1 (34589) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA); antibodies against PRKAA1 (10929), PRKAA2 (18167), USP9X (55054), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (10494), and liver kinase B1 (10746) were purchased from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL); antibodies against ARID1A (sc-32761), a-tubulin (sc-32293), b-actin (sc-47778), ubiquitin (sc-8017), and c-myc (sc-764) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, Texas); and antibodies against Flag and HA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Control, Knock-Out, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

Article Title: Targeting USP9X-AMPK Axis in ARID1A-Deficient Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.03.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 9. ARID1A regulates the promoter activity of USP9X via HDAC1. (A) Data from the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer shows that 1989* is the most frequent mutation of ARID1A. (B) Interaction between ARID1A-WT or ARID1A-1989* mutation with HDAC1. (C) Influence of ARID1A-WT or ARID1A-1989* mutation on the ubiquitination of PRKAA2. (D) Influence of ARID1A-WT or ARID1A-1989* mutation on the promoter activity of USP9X. The promoter activity of USP9X in (E) HEK293T cells overexpressing ARID1A or HDAC1 (OE) or in (F) ARID1A knockout Huh7 and YY-8103 cells is examined by luciferase reporter assay. (G) Influence of ARID1A-WT or ARID1A-1989* mutation on the expression of USP9X and PRKAA2. CTRL, control; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (9649), acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (8173), ULK1 (8054), phospho-ULK1 (Ser317) (12753), phospho-ULK1 (Ser555) (5869), phospho-ULK1 (Ser757) (6888), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (3676), phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser79) (11818), AMPKa (2532), phosphoAMPKa (Thr172) (2535), LC3B (3868), and HDAC1 (34589) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA); antibodies against PRKAA1 (10929), PRKAA2 (18167), USP9X (55054), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (10494), and liver kinase B1 (10746) were purchased from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL); antibodies against ARID1A (sc-32761), a-tubulin (sc-32293), b-actin (sc-47778), ubiquitin (sc-8017), and c-myc (sc-764) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, Texas); and antibodies against Flag and HA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Mutagenesis, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Knock-Out, Luciferase, Reporter Assay, Expressing, Control

Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

Article Title: Targeting USP9X-AMPK Axis in ARID1A-Deficient Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.03.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 11. ARID1A negatively correlates with USP9X/PRKAA2 and influences HCC patients’ survival. The correlation among ARID1A, USP9X, and PRKAA2 in the clinical samples is examined by (A) Western blot or by (B) immunohistochemical staining in the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. (C) Immunohistochemistry staining of ARID1A, USP9X, and PRKAA2 in HCC tissues in TMAs. Scale bar: 100 mm. (D) The correlation between USP9X and PRKAA2 at the protein level (N ¼ 243) is analyzed using H-scores from TMA analysis. (E) The correlation between ARID1A and USP9X at the protein level (N ¼ 243) is analyzed using H-scores from TMA analysis. (F) Comparison of overall survival between HCC patients with different ARID1A/ USP9X expressions. Data are analyzed using the log-rank test. (G) The correlation between ARID1A and PRKAA2 at the protein level (N ¼ 243) is analyzed using H-scores from TMA analysis. (H) Comparison of overall survival between HCC pa- tients with different ARID1A/PRKAA2 expressions. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (9649), acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (8173), ULK1 (8054), phospho-ULK1 (Ser317) (12753), phospho-ULK1 (Ser555) (5869), phospho-ULK1 (Ser757) (6888), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (3676), phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser79) (11818), AMPKa (2532), phosphoAMPKa (Thr172) (2535), LC3B (3868), and HDAC1 (34589) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA); antibodies against PRKAA1 (10929), PRKAA2 (18167), USP9X (55054), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (10494), and liver kinase B1 (10746) were purchased from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL); antibodies against ARID1A (sc-32761), a-tubulin (sc-32293), b-actin (sc-47778), ubiquitin (sc-8017), and c-myc (sc-764) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, Texas); and antibodies against Flag and HA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Techniques: Western Blot, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Immunohistochemistry, Comparison

Journal: Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology

Article Title: Targeting USP9X-AMPK Axis in ARID1A-Deficient Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.03.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 14. The effects of inactivation of PRKAA2 and USP9X on HCC cell growth. (A) The growth of control (Scramble, SCR) and PRKAA2 knockdown (sh1#, sh2#) cells is measured by crystal violet staining under both normal and glucose-deprived conditions. The influences of (B, D, E) Compound C and (C, F, G) WP1130 on HCC cell growth is measured by crystal violet staining or cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay under both normal and glucose- deprived conditions.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (9649), acetyl–histone H3 (Lys9) (8173), ULK1 (8054), phospho-ULK1 (Ser317) (12753), phospho-ULK1 (Ser555) (5869), phospho-ULK1 (Ser757) (6888), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (3676), phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser79) (11818), AMPKa (2532), phosphoAMPKa (Thr172) (2535), LC3B (3868), and HDAC1 (34589) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA); antibodies against PRKAA1 (10929), PRKAA2 (18167), USP9X (55054), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (10494), and liver kinase B1 (10746) were purchased from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL); antibodies against ARID1A (sc-32761), a-tubulin (sc-32293), b-actin (sc-47778), ubiquitin (sc-8017), and c-myc (sc-764) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, Texas); and antibodies against Flag and HA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Techniques: Control, Knockdown, Staining, Cell Counting, CCK-8 Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Roseburia hominis enriched by baicalin reverses the non-response to metformin via upregulating linolenic acid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Baicalin combined with metformin improved the blood glucose levels in metformin non-responsive mice by activating the AMPK/ACC/CPT1 pathway (A–F) The serum concentrations of (A) TC, (B) LDL-C, (C) HDL-C, (D) IL-1β, (E) IL-6, and (F) IL-10. (G) Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of the liver, pancreas, epididymal adipose tissues, and oil red O staining of the liver (magnification, 30×; scale bars, 100 μm). (H) Western blot analysis of pAMPK (Thr172), ACC, and CPT1 proteins in the livers of mice after administration. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (A‒F, n = 6–8; H, n = 3); ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, as determined by one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s post hoc test (A, B, C, E, F, and H) and Kruskal-Wallis test (D). NCD, normal chow diet; NR, non-response; Met, metformin; BA, baicalin; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1.

Article Snippet: These membranes were then incubated at 4°C overnight with primary antibodies against AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Proteintech, Cat# 10929-2-AP, RRID: AB_2169568 , 1:4,000), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (Proteintech, Cat# 17509-1-AP, RRID: AB_10596914 , 1:1,000), phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) (40H9) (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2535, RRID: AB_331250 , 1:1,000), phospho-IRS-1 (Ser636/639) (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2388, RRID: AB_330339 , 1:1,000), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) (Proteintech, Cat# 16754-1-AP, RRID: AB_2160031 , 1:30,000), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) (Proteintech, Cat# 66860-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2882199 , 1:5,000), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Proteintech, Cat# 66888-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2882219 , 1:30,000), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) (Proteintech, Cat# 28034-1-AP, RRID: AB_2918142 , 1:4,000), phospholipase A2 group (PLA2G) (Proteintech, Cat# 18088-1-AP, RRID: AB_10859777 , 1:1,000), acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACC1) (Proteintech, Cat# 21923-1-AP, RRID: AB_11042445 , 1:4,000), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) (Proteintech, Cat# 15184-1-AP, RRID: AB_2084676 , 1:50,000), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Proteintech, Cat# 10494-1-AP, RRID: AB_2263076 , 1:20,000), β-tubulin (Proteintech, Cat# 10094-1-AP, RRID: AB_2210695 , 1:10,000).

Techniques: Staining, Western Blot

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Roseburia hominis enriched by baicalin reverses the non-response to metformin via upregulating linolenic acid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113892

Figure Lengend Snippet: R. hominis treatment reversed the metformin NR phenotype in NR mice (A) Experimental protocol for administration of R. hominis in mice. (B) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) curve and its area under the curve (AUC). (C) Insulin tolerance test (ITT) curve and its AUC. (D) Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) after drug R. hominis . (E–J) The serum concentrations of (E) TC, (F) LDL-C, (G) HDL-C, (H) IL-1β, (I) IL-6, and (J) IL-10. (K) Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of the liver, pancreas, epididymal adipose tissues, and oil red O staining of the liver (magnification, 30×; scale bars, 100 μm). (L) Western blot analysis of AMPK/ACC/CPT1 proteins in the livers of mice after administration. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD ( n = 7–8); ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, as determined by one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s post hoc test. ANOVA, analysis of variance; ABX, antibiotic mixed; FMT, fecal microbial transplantation; NCD, normal chow diet; R.h, Roseburia hominis ; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1.

Article Snippet: These membranes were then incubated at 4°C overnight with primary antibodies against AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Proteintech, Cat# 10929-2-AP, RRID: AB_2169568 , 1:4,000), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (Proteintech, Cat# 17509-1-AP, RRID: AB_10596914 , 1:1,000), phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) (40H9) (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2535, RRID: AB_331250 , 1:1,000), phospho-IRS-1 (Ser636/639) (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2388, RRID: AB_330339 , 1:1,000), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) (Proteintech, Cat# 16754-1-AP, RRID: AB_2160031 , 1:30,000), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) (Proteintech, Cat# 66860-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2882199 , 1:5,000), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Proteintech, Cat# 66888-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2882219 , 1:30,000), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) (Proteintech, Cat# 28034-1-AP, RRID: AB_2918142 , 1:4,000), phospholipase A2 group (PLA2G) (Proteintech, Cat# 18088-1-AP, RRID: AB_10859777 , 1:1,000), acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACC1) (Proteintech, Cat# 21923-1-AP, RRID: AB_11042445 , 1:4,000), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) (Proteintech, Cat# 15184-1-AP, RRID: AB_2084676 , 1:50,000), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Proteintech, Cat# 10494-1-AP, RRID: AB_2263076 , 1:20,000), β-tubulin (Proteintech, Cat# 10094-1-AP, RRID: AB_2210695 , 1:10,000).

Techniques: Staining, Western Blot, Transplantation Assay

Journal: Cell death discovery

Article Title: Targeting oncogenic MAGEA6 sensitizes triple negative breast cancer to doxorubicin through its autophagy and ferroptosis by stabling AMPKα1.

doi: 10.1038/s41420-024-02196-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4 Inhibition of AMPK by MAGEA6 impacted the autophagy of TNBC. A, B In vitro ubiquitination assay displayed that AMPKα1 ubiquitination requires MAGEA6. C Co-immunoprecipitation assay stated the association between MAGEA6 and AMPKα1. D Western blotting showed that knockdown of MAGEA6 increased the levels of AMPKα1 and p-AMPKα (Thr-172). E Whether sh-MAGEA6 influenced autophagy via activating AMPK signaling was verified by Western blotting assay. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; Data were obtained from three independent experiments. TNBC triple-negative breast cancer.

Article Snippet: The membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk, followed by incubating overnight with antibodies against MAGEA6 (PA575647, 1:500, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), LC3 (14600-1-AP, 1:3000), Cleaved caspase 3 (25128-1-AP, 1:1500), Cleaved PARP (13371-1-AP, 1:5000), AMPKα1 (66536-1-Ig, 1:3000), SLC7A11 (26864-1-AP, 1:1500) (Proteintech, Wuhan, China); and p-AMPKα (Thr-172) (2531, 1:1000, CST, Boston, MA, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, In Vitro, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Western Blot, Knockdown

Journal: Frontiers in Oncology

Article Title: Angustoline Inhibited Esophageal Tumors Through Regulating LKB1/AMPK/ELAVL1/LPACT2 Pathway and Phospholipid Remodeling

doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01094

Figure Lengend Snippet: The levels of LKB1, AMPK, ELAVL1, LPCAT2, and β-actin proteins. (A) Expression of these proteins in 30 normal tissue samples and 30 esophageal cancer tissue samples. (B) Densitometric quantitations for normalized proteins relative to β-actin (%) in (A) .

Article Snippet: LKB1 siRNA (10 μM), AMPK activator (10 μM), LPCAT2 siRNA (10 μM), AMPK siRNA (10 μM) and angustoline (1 mg/L) were added into the wells, respectively. siRNA fragment treatment complex was prepared as follows, (1) Transfectant reagent (4 μL/well, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was diluted in 1 mL of fresh 1,640 medium. (2) The siRNA fragment (4 μg/well) was diluted in 1 mL of fresh medium. (3) The compounds in (1) and (2) were mixed together and the DNA-liposome complex (2 mL per well) was added into the cells.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Oncology

Article Title: Angustoline Inhibited Esophageal Tumors Through Regulating LKB1/AMPK/ELAVL1/LPACT2 Pathway and Phospholipid Remodeling

doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01094

Figure Lengend Snippet: The levels of LKB1, AMPK, ELAVL1, LPCAT2, and β-actin proteins. (A) Expression of these proteins in KYSE-450 cells treated with AMPK activator or LPCAT2 siRNA fragment. (B) Expression of these proteins in KYSE-450 cells treated with AMPK siRNA or angustoline. (C) Expression of these proteins in KYSE-450 cells treated with LKB1 siRNA or angustoline. (D) Densitometric quantitations for normalized proteins relative to β-actin (%) in (A) . (E) Densitometric quantitations for normalized proteins relative to β-actin (%) in (B) . (F) Densitometric quantitations for normalized proteins relative to β-actin (%) in (C) . The data were represented as mean ± SD, * p < 0.05, compared with the control. n = 3.

Article Snippet: LKB1 siRNA (10 μM), AMPK activator (10 μM), LPCAT2 siRNA (10 μM), AMPK siRNA (10 μM) and angustoline (1 mg/L) were added into the wells, respectively. siRNA fragment treatment complex was prepared as follows, (1) Transfectant reagent (4 μL/well, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was diluted in 1 mL of fresh 1,640 medium. (2) The siRNA fragment (4 μg/well) was diluted in 1 mL of fresh medium. (3) The compounds in (1) and (2) were mixed together and the DNA-liposome complex (2 mL per well) was added into the cells.

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Oncology

Article Title: Angustoline Inhibited Esophageal Tumors Through Regulating LKB1/AMPK/ELAVL1/LPACT2 Pathway and Phospholipid Remodeling

doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01094

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo effects of AMPK activator/AMPK antibody/Angustoline on KYSE450 tumor-bearing nude mice. (A) Treatment of AMPK antibody/AMPK activator/Angustoline/(AMPK antibody + Angustoline)/(AMPK activator + Angustoline) on the size of KYSE450 tumors. (B) Relative tumor volume, which was calculated by each tumor volume. * p < 0.05, comparing with the control, n = 5. (C) Tumor suppression rate, which was calculated by each tumor weight. * p < 0.05, comparing with the control, n = 5. (D) Relative tumor proliferation rate, which was calculated by relative tumor volumes of different groups. * p < 0.05, comparing with the control, n = 5.

Article Snippet: LKB1 siRNA (10 μM), AMPK activator (10 μM), LPCAT2 siRNA (10 μM), AMPK siRNA (10 μM) and angustoline (1 mg/L) were added into the wells, respectively. siRNA fragment treatment complex was prepared as follows, (1) Transfectant reagent (4 μL/well, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was diluted in 1 mL of fresh 1,640 medium. (2) The siRNA fragment (4 μg/well) was diluted in 1 mL of fresh medium. (3) The compounds in (1) and (2) were mixed together and the DNA-liposome complex (2 mL per well) was added into the cells.

Techniques: In Vivo, Control