Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Comparative Impacts of Oral Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Homeostasis

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics15010024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Antibiotics on Cecal Index, Fecal Water Content, and Diarrhea Index in C57BL/6N Mice. Representative cecal samples from C57BL/6N mice treated with amoxicillin ( A ), clindamycin ( D ), or azithromycin ( D ) were examined at various time points. Cecal index in mice treated with amoxicillin ( B ), azithromycin, and clindamycin ( E ) over time. The cecal index was significantly elevated. In the recovery phase, the cecal index of the amoxicillin group showed a slight decrease at two weeks compared to one-week post-treatment, whereas that of the clindamycin group exhibited a slight increase at two weeks relative to one week. The cecal index in the azithromycin group increased after antibiotic administration but returned to baseline levels during the recovery periods. Fecal water content in mice after administration of amoxicillin ( C ), azithromycin, and clindamycin ( F ) at different time intervals. Diarrhea index in mice treated with amoxicillin ( G ), azithromycin, and clindamycin ( H ) across time points. In the amoxicillin and clindamycin groups, fecal water content and the diarrhea index were observed to increase significantly starting from the third day. Abbreviations: Con, control group; Amx, amoxicillin group; Azit, azithromycin group; Clin, clindamycin group. 7 days: 7 days of antibiotic administration; 7 days–R1W: 7 days of antibiotic administration followed by 1 week of recovery; 7 days–R2W: 7 days of antibiotic administration followed by 2 weeks of recovery; 5 days: 5 days of antibiotic administration; 5 days–R1W: 5 days of antibiotic administration followed by 1 week of recovery; 5 days–R2W: 5 days of antibiotic administration followed by 2 weeks of recovery. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 8). Statistical significance: ( B , C , E , G ) * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group. ( F , H ) * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, clindamycin group vs. control group.

Article Snippet: At the 7-day time point, the Control subgroup received 0.9% NaCl (5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.); and the Amoxicillin (Amx) subgroup received amoxicillin (MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China, HY-B0467) at 307.5 mg/kg/day (30.75 mg/mL, 5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.), with dosage mimicking clinical use [ ].

Techniques: Control

Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Comparative Impacts of Oral Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Homeostasis

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics15010024

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Effects of Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on the Diversity of Gut Microbiota in C57BL/6N Mice. Alpha diversity analysis was performed using the observed species index, Chao1, Shannon and Pielou’s Evenness index for the amoxicillin group ( A ), azithromycin group, and clindamycin group ( B ) by Accurate 16S Absolute Quantification Sequencing. Beta-diversity analysis was conducted through non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of fecal sample community compositions from the amoxicillin group ( C ), azithromycin group, and clindamycin group ( D ). The fecal samples from the Amoxicillin and Azithromycin groups, collected one week and five days post-treatment, respectively, exhibited distinct differences from the control group, with the compositional dissimilarity gradually decreasing over time. In contrast, the beta-diversity distance in the clindamycin group remained relatively stable throughout the observation period. Abbreviations: Amx_C: Group with 7 days of 0.9% NaCl solution administration; Amx_A: Group with 7 days of amoxicillin administration; AmR1W_ C: Group with 7 days of 0.9% NaCl solution administration followed by 1 week of recovery; AmR1W_ A: Group with 7 days of amoxicillin administration followed by 1 week of recovery; AmR2W_ C: Group with 7 days of 0.9% NaCl solution administration followed by 2 weeks of recovery; AmR2W_ A: Group with 7 days of amoxicillin administration followed by 2 weeks of recovery; Con: Group with 5 days of 0.9% NaCl solution administration; Azit: Group with 5 days of azithromycin administration; Clin: Group with 5 days of clindamycin administration; Con_R1w: Group with 5 days of 0.9% NaCl solution administration followed by 1 week of recovery; Azit_R1w: Group with 5 days of azithromycin administration followed by 1 week of recovery; Clin_R1w: Group with 5 days of clindamycin administration followed by 1 week of recovery; Con_R2w: Group with 5 days of 0.9% NaCl solution administration followed by 2 weeks of recovery; Azit_R2w: Group with 5 days of azithromycin administration followed by 2 weeks of recovery; Clin_R2w: Group with 5 days of clindamycin administration followed by 2 weeks of recovery. The data is presented as mean ± SD ( n = 8), with statistical significance denoted as ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group. The circles outside the bars represent outlier values.

Article Snippet: At the 7-day time point, the Control subgroup received 0.9% NaCl (5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.); and the Amoxicillin (Amx) subgroup received amoxicillin (MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China, HY-B0467) at 307.5 mg/kg/day (30.75 mg/mL, 5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.), with dosage mimicking clinical use [ ].

Techniques: Quantitative Proteomics, Sequencing, Control

Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Comparative Impacts of Oral Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Homeostasis

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics15010024

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Composition of the Fecal Microbial Community in C57BL/6N Mice Treated with Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin at the Phylum and Genus Levels. The bar plot shows the absolute abundance of the microbial community composition at the phylum ( A , B ) and genus ( C , D ) level in the amoxicillin group, azithromycin group, and clindamycin group at different time points, as analyzed by Accurate 16S absolute quantification sequencing. The fecal microbial community composition in the Amoxicillin group tended to normalize during the recovery period, while no significant recovery was observed in the clindamycin group. In contrast, the composition in the azithromycin group resembled that of the control group. The bar plot illustrates the average absolute abundance of bacterial taxa at the phylum and genus levels (n = 8).

Article Snippet: At the 7-day time point, the Control subgroup received 0.9% NaCl (5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.); and the Amoxicillin (Amx) subgroup received amoxicillin (MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China, HY-B0467) at 307.5 mg/kg/day (30.75 mg/mL, 5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.), with dosage mimicking clinical use [ ].

Techniques: Quantitative Proteomics, Sequencing, Control

Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Comparative Impacts of Oral Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Homeostasis

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics15010024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Key Bacterial Genera in the Fecal Microbiota of C57BL/6N Mice After Treatment with Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin. Boxplots depict the average absolute abundance of key bacterial genera that exhibited significant variation across samples from the respective treatment groups by Accurate 16S Absolute Quantification Sequencing. Amoxicillin dramatically reduced the absolute abundance of Ligilactobacillus during treatment and showed a slight increase during the recovery period. Azithromycin also decreased the level of Ligilactobacillus in the Azit group but restored it to normal levels during the recovery period. Conversely, clindamycin led to a substantial reduction in Ligilactobacillus levels throughout the experimental period ( A ). Similar trends were observed for Ruminococcaceae ( C ) and the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group ( D ). Amoxicillin significantly increased the absolute abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in the Amx_A group ( B ). Azithromycin reduced Escherichia-Shigella levels in the Azit group compared to the control, tending towards normalization during recovery. However, in the clindamycin-treated group, the level of Escherichia-Shigella significantly increased and remained at a relatively high level. The data is presented as mean ± SD ( n = 8). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group. The circles outside the bars represent outlier values.

Article Snippet: At the 7-day time point, the Control subgroup received 0.9% NaCl (5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.); and the Amoxicillin (Amx) subgroup received amoxicillin (MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China, HY-B0467) at 307.5 mg/kg/day (30.75 mg/mL, 5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.), with dosage mimicking clinical use [ ].

Techniques: Quantitative Proteomics, Sequencing, Control

Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Comparative Impacts of Oral Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Homeostasis

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics15010024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on the SCFAs in C57BL/6N Mice. GC-MS analysis was conducted on cecal content from these mice post-administration of the antibiotics. Amoxicillin led to a significant decrease in total SCFA levels, with a partial recovery observed over time ( A ). Azithromycin treatment resulted in notably lower total SCFA levels compared to the control groups. After a two-week recovery period, a 55% reduction in total SCFA levels was noted, less severe than the initial 70% decrease after five days of treatment. Conversely, the clindamycin group exhibited a marked and consistent decline in SCFA levels across all time points, surpassing the reductions seen in the amoxicillin and azithromycin groups ( B ). The abbreviations used are as follows: Con for control group, Amx for amoxicillin group, Azit for azithromycin group, Clin for clindamycin group, and SCFAs for short-chain fatty acids. Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation ( n = 6). Significance levels are denoted as, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to the control group.Dotted horizontal line at y = 0: baseline for distinguishing positive and negative values.

Article Snippet: At the 7-day time point, the Control subgroup received 0.9% NaCl (5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.); and the Amoxicillin (Amx) subgroup received amoxicillin (MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China, HY-B0467) at 307.5 mg/kg/day (30.75 mg/mL, 5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.), with dosage mimicking clinical use [ ].

Techniques: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Comparative Impacts of Oral Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Homeostasis

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics15010024

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Effects of Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin on Colon Tissue. Alcian Blue staining was performed to evaluate the impact of these antibiotics on goblet cells in the distal colon tissue. Amoxicillin treatment led to a decrease in the number of goblet cells per crypt, with a slight restoration observed after a two-week recovery period ( A , B ). No significant changes in the number of goblet cells per crypt were observed in the azithromycin-treated group. In contrast, Clindamycin treatment significantly decreased the number of goblet cells per crypt, with no observed restoration after a two-week recovery ( C , D ). mRNA expression levels of Muc2 in colon tissues were assessed using RT-PCR. Amoxicillin treatment led to a significant reduction in Muc2 mRNA levels after one week, which returned to normal after a two-week recovery ( E ). No significant changes in Muc2 mRNA expression were observed in mice treated with azithromycin. Clindamycin treatment markedly decreased Muc2 mRNA levels, with no observed restoration even after a two-week recovery ( F ). Scale bars: 50 µm. Con denotes the control group; Amx, the amoxicillin group; Azit, the azithromycin group; Clin, the clindamycin group. Data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( n = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group.

Article Snippet: At the 7-day time point, the Control subgroup received 0.9% NaCl (5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.); and the Amoxicillin (Amx) subgroup received amoxicillin (MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China, HY-B0467) at 307.5 mg/kg/day (30.75 mg/mL, 5 μL/g body weight) via oral gavage twice daily for 7 days (10 a.m. and 6 p.m.), with dosage mimicking clinical use [ ].

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: First Penicillin-Binding Protein Occupancy Patterns of β-Lactams and β-Lactamase Inhibitors in Klebsiella pneumoniae

doi: 10.1128/AAC.00282-18

Figure Lengend Snippet: Principal component analysis of the log-transformed PBP IC50 data for our 13 tested compounds in two K. pneumoniae strains. The plot shows the clustering of compounds according to their positions on the first and second eigenvector. These two vectors explained 86.5% of the total variance. Compounds were grouped into two general clusters. The first cluster contained β-lactams that primarily targeted PBP3 but differed in their secondary targets. The second cluster was comprised of compounds that primarily targeted PBP2 or both PBPs 2 and 4. Of note, among compounds in the second cluster, the carbapenems, amoxicillin, and mecillinam had substantially lower IC50 for their primary targets than the β-lactamase inhibitors. Symbols for β-lactamase inhibitors are smaller due to their much higher IC50 for their primary PBP target relative to the primary PBP target IC50 of the β-lactams.

Article Snippet: Biapenem was purchased from TRC Canada (Toronto, Ontario, Canada); doripenem and avibactam were from MedChem Express (Monmouth Junction, NJ); imipenem and meropenem were from AK Scientific (Union City, CA); sulbactam was from TCI America (Portland, OR); tazobactam, amoxicillin, piperacillin, aztreonam, cefepime, and cefsulodin were from Chem-Impex International, Inc. (Wood Dale, IL); and mecillinam was from Molekula (Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom).

Techniques: Transformation Assay