acv Search Results


90
OriGene 2010 n a bmprib origene
2010 N A Bmprib Origene, supplied by OriGene, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/Bmpr1b+(NM_007560)+Mouse+Tagged+ORF+Clone/pm32348751-283-118-121
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
2010 n a bmprib origene - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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93
DSMZ rch acv
Rch Acv, supplied by DSMZ, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/RCH-ACV/pmc06642121-283-0-3
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
rch acv - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
93/100 stars
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92
BOC Sciences acv tripeptide
Acv Tripeptide, supplied by BOC Sciences, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/ACV/pmc11450544-64-3-10
Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
acv tripeptide - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
92/100 stars
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94
Elabscience Biotechnology activin a
Dose-dependent effects of ADR administration on circulating reproductive hormones: A) high-dose ADR significantly decreased LH versus control/sham, B) FSH levels remained unchanged across all groups, C) testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated following high-dose ADR treatment, D) <t>activin</t> <t>A</t> levels demonstrated a significant reduction in the high-dose ADR group, E) inhibin B levels significantly increased in the high-dose ADR group. Data are presented as mean ± SD with individual data points (n = 8 per group). One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted omnibus α = 0.006 (0.05/8); Tukey’s HSD pairwise comparisons are reported only when the corresponding omnibus test met this adjusted threshold. *p < 0.001 vs. control; #p < 0.001 vs. sham. “ns” over a bracket denotes a nonsignificant Tukey comparison (p ≥ 0.05). Horizontal lines above bars indicate significant pairwise comparisons.
Activin A, supplied by Elabscience Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/Rat+ACV-A+(Activin+A)+ELISA+Kit/pmc12974277-71-24-29
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
activin a - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
94/100 stars
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90
Biosynth Carbosynth acycloguanosine
Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), <t>acyclovir</t> (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.
Acycloguanosine, supplied by Biosynth Carbosynth, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/ACV+1/pmc06273010-103-0-28
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
acycloguanosine - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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90
Bachem reduced bis-acv
Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), <t>acyclovir</t> (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.
Reduced Bis Acv, supplied by Bachem, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/reduced+bis+acv/pmc02287180-116-31-32
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
reduced bis-acv - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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90
Siemens AG in the acv mode
Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), <t>acyclovir</t> (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.
In The Acv Mode, supplied by Siemens AG, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/in+the+acv+mode/pm11334129-104-5-2
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
in the acv mode - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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90
Contech Enterprises Inc liquid acv bait trap
Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), <t>acyclovir</t> (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.
Liquid Acv Bait Trap, supplied by Contech Enterprises Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/liquid+acv+bait+trap/pmc07994672-231-28-33
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
liquid acv bait trap - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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90
Asahi Techno Glass autoclave apparatus acv-3167n
Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), <t>acyclovir</t> (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.
Autoclave Apparatus Acv 3167n, supplied by Asahi Techno Glass, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/autoclave+apparatus+acv+3167n/pmc04340735-94-19-22
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
autoclave apparatus acv-3167n - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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90
MBL Life science mannosylated acv liposomes
Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), <t>acyclovir</t> (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.
Mannosylated Acv Liposomes, supplied by MBL Life science, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/mannosylated+acv+liposomes/pm19538011-127-14-23
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
mannosylated acv liposomes - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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90
Ratiopharm gmbh antiviral stock solution (2 acv)
Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), <t>acyclovir</t> (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.
Antiviral Stock Solution (2 Acv), supplied by Ratiopharm gmbh, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/antiviral+stock+solution++2+acv+/pm38879872-266-14-20
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
antiviral stock solution (2 acv) - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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90
Eiken Chemical acv 20/10
Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), <t>acyclovir</t> (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.
Acv 20/10, supplied by Eiken Chemical, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/acv/acv+20+10/pm39200074-292-85-48
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
acv 20/10 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars
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Image Search Results


Dose-dependent effects of ADR administration on circulating reproductive hormones: A) high-dose ADR significantly decreased LH versus control/sham, B) FSH levels remained unchanged across all groups, C) testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated following high-dose ADR treatment, D) activin A levels demonstrated a significant reduction in the high-dose ADR group, E) inhibin B levels significantly increased in the high-dose ADR group. Data are presented as mean ± SD with individual data points (n = 8 per group). One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted omnibus α = 0.006 (0.05/8); Tukey’s HSD pairwise comparisons are reported only when the corresponding omnibus test met this adjusted threshold. *p < 0.001 vs. control; #p < 0.001 vs. sham. “ns” over a bracket denotes a nonsignificant Tukey comparison (p ≥ 0.05). Horizontal lines above bars indicate significant pairwise comparisons.

Journal: Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Article Title: Neuroendocrine effects of exogenous adropin administration on the hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis in male rats

doi: 10.55730/1300-0144.6164

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose-dependent effects of ADR administration on circulating reproductive hormones: A) high-dose ADR significantly decreased LH versus control/sham, B) FSH levels remained unchanged across all groups, C) testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated following high-dose ADR treatment, D) activin A levels demonstrated a significant reduction in the high-dose ADR group, E) inhibin B levels significantly increased in the high-dose ADR group. Data are presented as mean ± SD with individual data points (n = 8 per group). One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted omnibus α = 0.006 (0.05/8); Tukey’s HSD pairwise comparisons are reported only when the corresponding omnibus test met this adjusted threshold. *p < 0.001 vs. control; #p < 0.001 vs. sham. “ns” over a bracket denotes a nonsignificant Tukey comparison (p ≥ 0.05). Horizontal lines above bars indicate significant pairwise comparisons.

Article Snippet: The measurements were carried out using LH (catalog no. E-EL-R0026), FSH (catalog no. E-EL-R0391), testosterone (catalog no. E-EL-R0389), inhibin B (catalog no. E-EL-R0521), and activin A (catalog no. E-EL-R0001), Elabscience, Beijing, China, commercial ELISA kits in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Control, Comparison

Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), acyclovir (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Chemical Incorporation of Chain-Terminating Nucleoside Analogs as 3′-Blocking DNA Damage and Their Removal by Human ERCC1-XPF Endonuclease

doi: 10.3390/molecules21060766

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primer extension from the CTNA-blocked termini by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with or without its proofreading 3′–5′ exonuclease activity (KF + or KF − , respectively, from Takara Bio, Inc., Shiga, Japan), in the ( A ) presence or ( B ) absence of dNTPs. ( A ) The 32 P-labeled oligonucleotides, 32 P-d(TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTT)X, where X represents no added nucleoside (OH, lanes 1–3), 2’-deoxyadenosine (lanes 4–6), acyclovir (ACV, lanes 7–9), abacavir (ABC, lanes 10–12), carbovir (CBV, lanes 13–15) or lamivudine ((−)3TC, lanes 16–18), were hybridized with their complementary strands, d(CTCGTCAGCTANAAAGCAGGCTTCAACGGA), where N represents A (for ABC and an oligonucleotide without CTNAs), G (for A and (−)3TC) or C (for ACV and CBV). Each substrate was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min, in the absence (lanes 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16) or presence of KF − (0.1 unit, lanes 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17) or KF + (0.1 unit, lanes 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18), in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT and 100 µM dNTPs; ( B ) The 32 P-labeled substrates were incubated with KF + at 37 °C for the indicated incubation time, in the same reaction buffer without dNTPs.

Article Snippet: Acycloguanosine (acyclovir, ACV), [(1 S ,4 R )-4-(2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9 H -purin-9-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]methanol (abacavir, ABC) hemisulfate and (−)-β- l -2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thia-cytidine (lamivudine, (−)3TC), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), Carbosynth Ltd. (Berkshire, UK) and Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), respectively.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Labeling, Incubation