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MedChemExpress degarelix
Atherosclerotic lesions increased with reduced stabilities in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist–treated mice. A , The experimental design in which 8-week-old ApoE −/− mice were fed a Western diet and subcutaneously injected with saline, leuprolide (Leu), or <t>degarelix</t> (Deg) every month (8, 12, and 16 wk). One group of Leu-injected mice was also fed bicalutamide (Bica). All mice were euthanized at 20 weeks. B and C , Serum levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice of the 4 groups as assessed by ELISA (n=8 mice). D , Oil red O staining of aortic roots of mice in the saline, Leu, Deg, and Leu+Bica groups. Representative images are shown with a 500-μm scale bar. The volumes of plaques were quantified (n=8–10 mice). E , Oil red O staining of aortic trees of mice in the 4 groups. Three aortic trees were shown for each group. Scale bar, 1 cm. The lesion sizes were quantified (n=7 mice). F , SmαA (smooth muscle α-actin) immunostaining (red) on the plaques of aortic roots of mice. Representative images are shown in the left (scale bar, 300 µm) and higher magnification images for boxed areas are on the right (scale bar, 50 µm). The SMαA + areas were measured to indicate smooth muscle cell content (n=7 mice). G , F4/80 immunostaining (red) on the plaques of aortic roots of mice. Representative images are shown in the left (scale bar, 300 µm) and higher magnification images for boxed areas are on the right (scale bar, 50 µm). The F4/80 + areas were measured to indicate macrophage content (n=7 mice). H , Heat map of significantly altered serum lipids of mice in the saline, Leu, and Deg groups. The color of each section is proportional to the significance of the change in metabolites (red, upregulated; blue, downregulated; n=5 mice). I , Principal component (PC) analysis score plots based on phospholipid profiles of the saline, Leu, and Deg groups (n=5 mice). Data are presented as mean±SEM. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey multiple comparisons test ( D–G ).
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Atherosclerotic lesions increased with reduced stabilities in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist–treated mice. A , The experimental design in which 8-week-old ApoE −/− mice were fed a Western diet and subcutaneously injected with saline, leuprolide (Leu), or degarelix (Deg) every month (8, 12, and 16 wk). One group of Leu-injected mice was also fed bicalutamide (Bica). All mice were euthanized at 20 weeks. B and C , Serum levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice of the 4 groups as assessed by ELISA (n=8 mice). D , Oil red O staining of aortic roots of mice in the saline, Leu, Deg, and Leu+Bica groups. Representative images are shown with a 500-μm scale bar. The volumes of plaques were quantified (n=8–10 mice). E , Oil red O staining of aortic trees of mice in the 4 groups. Three aortic trees were shown for each group. Scale bar, 1 cm. The lesion sizes were quantified (n=7 mice). F , SmαA (smooth muscle α-actin) immunostaining (red) on the plaques of aortic roots of mice. Representative images are shown in the left (scale bar, 300 µm) and higher magnification images for boxed areas are on the right (scale bar, 50 µm). The SMαA + areas were measured to indicate smooth muscle cell content (n=7 mice). G , F4/80 immunostaining (red) on the plaques of aortic roots of mice. Representative images are shown in the left (scale bar, 300 µm) and higher magnification images for boxed areas are on the right (scale bar, 50 µm). The F4/80 + areas were measured to indicate macrophage content (n=7 mice). H , Heat map of significantly altered serum lipids of mice in the saline, Leu, and Deg groups. The color of each section is proportional to the significance of the change in metabolites (red, upregulated; blue, downregulated; n=5 mice). I , Principal component (PC) analysis score plots based on phospholipid profiles of the saline, Leu, and Deg groups (n=5 mice). Data are presented as mean±SEM. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey multiple comparisons test ( D–G ).

Journal: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

Article Title: FSH Is Responsible for Androgen Deprivation Therapy–Associated Atherosclerosis in Mice by Exaggerating Endothelial Inflammation and Monocyte Adhesion

doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319426

Figure Lengend Snippet: Atherosclerotic lesions increased with reduced stabilities in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist–treated mice. A , The experimental design in which 8-week-old ApoE −/− mice were fed a Western diet and subcutaneously injected with saline, leuprolide (Leu), or degarelix (Deg) every month (8, 12, and 16 wk). One group of Leu-injected mice was also fed bicalutamide (Bica). All mice were euthanized at 20 weeks. B and C , Serum levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice of the 4 groups as assessed by ELISA (n=8 mice). D , Oil red O staining of aortic roots of mice in the saline, Leu, Deg, and Leu+Bica groups. Representative images are shown with a 500-μm scale bar. The volumes of plaques were quantified (n=8–10 mice). E , Oil red O staining of aortic trees of mice in the 4 groups. Three aortic trees were shown for each group. Scale bar, 1 cm. The lesion sizes were quantified (n=7 mice). F , SmαA (smooth muscle α-actin) immunostaining (red) on the plaques of aortic roots of mice. Representative images are shown in the left (scale bar, 300 µm) and higher magnification images for boxed areas are on the right (scale bar, 50 µm). The SMαA + areas were measured to indicate smooth muscle cell content (n=7 mice). G , F4/80 immunostaining (red) on the plaques of aortic roots of mice. Representative images are shown in the left (scale bar, 300 µm) and higher magnification images for boxed areas are on the right (scale bar, 50 µm). The F4/80 + areas were measured to indicate macrophage content (n=7 mice). H , Heat map of significantly altered serum lipids of mice in the saline, Leu, and Deg groups. The color of each section is proportional to the significance of the change in metabolites (red, upregulated; blue, downregulated; n=5 mice). I , Principal component (PC) analysis score plots based on phospholipid profiles of the saline, Leu, and Deg groups (n=5 mice). Data are presented as mean±SEM. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey multiple comparisons test ( D–G ).

Article Snippet: Leuprolide (Leu; 2 mg/kg; MedChemExpress) or degarelix (Deg; 50 mg/kg; MedChemExpress) was given subcutaneously once a month, respectively.

Techniques: Western Blot, Injection, Saline, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Immunostaining

Short-term follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) elevation is critical to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist–associated atherogenesis. A , The experimental design in which 8-week-old ApoE −/− mice were subcutaneously injected with leuprolide (Leu) every month (8, 12, and 16 wk) and supplemented with the anti-FSHβ antibody or control IgG intraperitoneally during the first 2 weeks (8–10 wk). Mice were fed a Western diet and euthanized at 12 or 20 weeks. B and C , Oil red O staining of aortic trees ( B ) and aortic roots ( C ) of mice in the saline, Leu+Ctrl-IgG, and Leu+anti-FSHβ groups. Representative images of aortic roots are shown in the left ( B ). Scale bar, 500 μm. Two aortic trees were shown for each group ( C ). Scale bar, 1 cm. The volumes of plaques in the aortic root and the lesion sizes in the aortic tree were quantified and are shown (n=7–8 mice). D , The experimental design in which 8-week-old ApoE −/− mice were subcutaneously injected with degarelix (Deg) every month (8, 12, and 16 wk) and supplemented with FSH or saline intraperitoneally during the first 2 weeks (8–10 wk). Mice were fed a Western diet and euthanized at 20 weeks. E , Serum levels of FSH in mice of the Deg+FSH group as assessed by ELISA before and after FSH supplementation (n=4 mice). F and G , Oil red O staining of aortic trees ( F ) and aortic roots ( G ) of mice in the Deg+saline and Deg+FSH groups. Representative images are shown in the left . Scale bars, 1 cm ( F ) and 500 µm ( G ). The lesion sizes in the aortic tree and the plaques in the aortic root were quantified and are shown in the right (n=6 mice). Data are presented as mean±SEM. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey multiple comparisons test ( B and C ) and by the unpaired, 2-tailed Student t test ( E–G ). Ctrl indicates control.

Journal: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

Article Title: FSH Is Responsible for Androgen Deprivation Therapy–Associated Atherosclerosis in Mice by Exaggerating Endothelial Inflammation and Monocyte Adhesion

doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319426

Figure Lengend Snippet: Short-term follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) elevation is critical to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist–associated atherogenesis. A , The experimental design in which 8-week-old ApoE −/− mice were subcutaneously injected with leuprolide (Leu) every month (8, 12, and 16 wk) and supplemented with the anti-FSHβ antibody or control IgG intraperitoneally during the first 2 weeks (8–10 wk). Mice were fed a Western diet and euthanized at 12 or 20 weeks. B and C , Oil red O staining of aortic trees ( B ) and aortic roots ( C ) of mice in the saline, Leu+Ctrl-IgG, and Leu+anti-FSHβ groups. Representative images of aortic roots are shown in the left ( B ). Scale bar, 500 μm. Two aortic trees were shown for each group ( C ). Scale bar, 1 cm. The volumes of plaques in the aortic root and the lesion sizes in the aortic tree were quantified and are shown (n=7–8 mice). D , The experimental design in which 8-week-old ApoE −/− mice were subcutaneously injected with degarelix (Deg) every month (8, 12, and 16 wk) and supplemented with FSH or saline intraperitoneally during the first 2 weeks (8–10 wk). Mice were fed a Western diet and euthanized at 20 weeks. E , Serum levels of FSH in mice of the Deg+FSH group as assessed by ELISA before and after FSH supplementation (n=4 mice). F and G , Oil red O staining of aortic trees ( F ) and aortic roots ( G ) of mice in the Deg+saline and Deg+FSH groups. Representative images are shown in the left . Scale bars, 1 cm ( F ) and 500 µm ( G ). The lesion sizes in the aortic tree and the plaques in the aortic root were quantified and are shown in the right (n=6 mice). Data are presented as mean±SEM. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey multiple comparisons test ( B and C ) and by the unpaired, 2-tailed Student t test ( E–G ). Ctrl indicates control.

Article Snippet: Leuprolide (Leu; 2 mg/kg; MedChemExpress) or degarelix (Deg; 50 mg/kg; MedChemExpress) was given subcutaneously once a month, respectively.

Techniques: Injection, Control, Western Blot, Staining, Saline, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay