Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Lacc1-engineered extracellular vesicles reprogram mitochondrial metabolism to alleviate inflammation and cartilage degeneration in TMJ osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03355-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: The application of Lacc1-engineered EVs in TMJOA chondrocytes. ( A ) The construction of Lacc1-engineered EVs. ( B ) Lacc1-engineered EVs alleviated TMJOA inflammation via modulating mitochondrial metabolism in chondrocytes. (By Figdraw.)

Article Snippet: For mitochondrial superoxide detection, the chondrocytes were incubated with 100 nM MitoTracker Green FM (MCE, USA) and 5 µM MitoSox Red (Invitrogen, USA) for 15 min at 37℃.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Lacc1-engineered extracellular vesicles reprogram mitochondrial metabolism to alleviate inflammation and cartilage degeneration in TMJ osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03355-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: OE-EVs attenuate IL-1β-induced inflammation in chondrocytes. ( A ) TEM and NTA characterization of NC-EVs and OE-EVs. ( B ) PKH26-labeled EVs internalized by chondrocytes. ( C ) Western blot analysis of exosomal markers and Lacc1 in NC-EVs and OE-EVs. ( D ) qRT-PCR of inflammatory and cartilage matrix markers. ( E & G ) Immunofluorescence staining of Aggrecan and MMP13. ( F ) IL-1β levels measured by ELISA. ( H ) Western blot of inflammation- and ECM-related markers. ( n = 3, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001)

Article Snippet: For mitochondrial superoxide detection, the chondrocytes were incubated with 100 nM MitoTracker Green FM (MCE, USA) and 5 µM MitoSox Red (Invitrogen, USA) for 15 min at 37℃.

Techniques: Labeling, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Lacc1-engineered extracellular vesicles reprogram mitochondrial metabolism to alleviate inflammation and cartilage degeneration in TMJ osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03355-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: OE-EVs reprogram metabolism in chondrocytes. ( A & B ) qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis of glycolytic enzyme expression. ( C & D ) ATP production and lactate levels in chondrocytes. ( E ) JC-1 staining of mitochondrial membrane potential (red: JC-1 aggregates, green: JC-1 monomers). ( F ) Mitochondrial ROS analysis using MitoSOX and Mitotracker staining. ( G ) TEM images of mitochondria in different groups. ( n = 3, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001)

Article Snippet: For mitochondrial superoxide detection, the chondrocytes were incubated with 100 nM MitoTracker Green FM (MCE, USA) and 5 µM MitoSox Red (Invitrogen, USA) for 15 min at 37℃.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Expressing, Staining, Membrane

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Lacc1-engineered extracellular vesicles reprogram mitochondrial metabolism to alleviate inflammation and cartilage degeneration in TMJ osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03355-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic and signaling pathway analysis of IL-1β- and OE-EV-treated chondrocytes. ( A ) Heatmap of differentially expressed genes. ( B & C ) KEGG and GO enrichment analysis. ( D ) GSEA analysis of key pathways. ( E & F ) Western blot and semi-quantification of JAK-STAT signaling. ( n = 3, * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01)

Article Snippet: For mitochondrial superoxide detection, the chondrocytes were incubated with 100 nM MitoTracker Green FM (MCE, USA) and 5 µM MitoSox Red (Invitrogen, USA) for 15 min at 37℃.

Techniques: Western Blot